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ÃÎÑÒ ÅÍ 1070-2003

ÌÅÆÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÉ ÑÒÀÍÄÀÐÒ

ÁÅÇÎÏÀÑÍÎÑÒÜ ÎÁÎÐÓÄÎÂÀÍÈß

Òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ

ÌÅÆÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÉ ÑÎÂÅÒ
ÏÎ ÑÒÀÍÄÀÐÒÈÇÀÖÈÈ, ÌÅÒÐÎËÎÃÈÈ È ÑÅÐÒÈÔÈÊÀÖÈÈ

Ìèíñê

Ïðåäèñëîâèå

1 ÐÀÇÐÀÁÎÒÀÍ Âñåðîññèéñêèì íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèì èíñòèòóòîì ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè è ñåðòèôèêàöèè â ìàøèíîñòðîåíèè (ÂÍÈÈÍÌÀØ) Ãîññòàíäàðòà Ðîññèè

ÂÍÅÑÅÍ Ãîññòàíäàðòîì Ðîññèè

2 ÏÐÈÍßÒ Ìåæãîñóäàðñòâåííûì ñîâåòîì ïî ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè, ìåòðîëîãèè è ñåðòèôèêàöèè (ïðîòîêîë ¹ 23 îò 22 ìàÿ 2003 ã.)

Çà ïðèíÿòèå ïðîãîëîñîâàëè:

Íàèìåíîâàíèå ãîñóäàðñòâà

Íàèìåíîâàíèå íàöèîíàëüíîãî îðãàíà ïî ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè

Àçåðáàéäæàíñêàÿ Ðåñïóáëèêà

Àçñòàíäàðò

Ãðóçèÿ

Ãðóçñòàíäàðò

Êûðãûçñêàÿ Ðåñïóáëèêà

Êûðãûçñòàíäàðò

Ðåñïóáëèêà Àðìåíèÿ

Àðìãîññòàíäàðò

Ðåñïóáëèêà Áåëàðóñü

Ãîññòàíäàðò Ðåñïóáëèêè Áåëàðóñü

Ðåñïóáëèêà Êàçàõñòàí

Ãîññòàíäàðò Ðåñïóáëèêè Êàçàõñòàí

Ðåñïóáëèêà Ìîëäîâà

Ìîëäîâà-Ñòàíäàðò

Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ

Ãîññòàíäàðò Ðîññèè

Ðåñïóáëèêà Òàäæèêèñòàí

Òàäæèêñòàíäàðò

Ðåñïóáëèêà Óçáåêèñòàí

Óçñòàíäàðò

Òóðêìåíèñòàí

Ãëàâãîññëóæáà «Òóðêìåíñòàíäàðòëàðû»

Óêðàèíà

Ãîñïîòðåáñòàíäàðò Óêðàèíû

3 Íàñòîÿùèé ñòàíäàðò ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé èäåíòè÷íûé òåêñò åâðîïåéñêîãî ñòàíäàðòà ÅÍ 1070-98 «Áåçîïàñíîñòü îáîðóäîâàíèÿ. Òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ»

4 Ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî êîìèòåòà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè ïî ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè è ìåòðîëîãèè îò 5 äåêàáðÿ 2003 ã. ¹ 346-ñò ìåæãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ñòàíäàðò ÃÎÑÒ ÅÍ 1070-2003 ââåäåí â äåéñòâèå íåïîñðåäñòâåííî â êà÷åñòâå íàöèîíàëüíîãî ñòàíäàðòà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè ñ 1 èþëÿ 2004 ã.

5 ÂÂÅÄÅÍ ÂÏÅÐÂÛÅ

ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ

Ââåäåíèå

Öåëü ðàçðàáîòêè íàñòîÿùåãî ñòàíäàðòà, ñîäåðæàùåãî èäåíòè÷íûé òåêñò åâðîïåéñêîãî ñòàíäàðòà ÅÍ 1070-98, - ïðåäîñòàâèòü êîíñòðóêòîðàì, èçãîòîâèòåëÿì îáîðóäîâàíèÿ è äðóãèì çàèíòåðåñîâàííûì ñòîðîíàì ñîâðåìåííóþ íåïðîòèâîðå÷èâóþ è íåäâóñìûñëåííóþ òåðìèíîëîãèþ â îáëàñòè áåçîïàñíîñòè îáîðóäîâàíèÿ äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ ñ åâðîïåéñêèì çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâîì.

Íàñòîÿùèé ñòàíäàðò îáúåäèíÿåò ïîíÿòèÿ, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê áåçîïàñíîñòè îáîðóäîâàíèÿ, âçÿòûå èç ñòàíäàðòîâ òèïà À (îñíîâîïîëàãàþùèõ ñòàíäàðòîâ ïî áåçîïàñíîñòè), ñòàíäàðòîâ òèïà  (ãðóïïîâûõ ñòàíäàðòîâ ïî áåçîïàñíîñòè) è èç Ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ýëåêòðîòåõíè÷åñêîãî ñëîâàðÿ (ÌÝÑ).

 ñòàíäàðòå ïðèâåäåíû ýêâèâàëåíòû ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûõ òåðìèíîâ íà íåìåöêîì (de), àíãëèéñêîì (en) è ôðàíöóçñêîì (fr) ÿçûêàõ.

Ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûå òåðìèíû íàáðàíû ïîëóæèðíûì øðèôòîì.

ÃÎÑÒ ÅÍ 1070-2003

ÌÅÆÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÉ ÑÒÀÍÄÀÐÒ

ÁÅÇÎÏÀÑÍÎÑÒÜ ÎÁÎÐÓÄÎÂÀÍÈß

Òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ

Safety of machinery. Terms and definitions

Äàòà ââåäåíèÿ 2004-07-01

1 Îáëàñòü ïðèìåíåíèÿ

Íàñòîÿùèé ñòàíäàðò óñòàíàâëèâàåò òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïîíÿòèé â îáëàñòè áåçîïàñíîñòè îáîðóäîâàíèÿ.

Òåðìèíû, óñòàíîâëåííûå íàñòîÿùèì ñòàíäàðòîì, îáÿçàòåëüíû äëÿ ïðèìåíåíèÿ âî âñåõ âèäàõ äîêóìåíòàöèè è ëèòåðàòóðû ïî âîïðîñàì áåçîïàñíîñòè îáîðóäîâàíèÿ, âõîäÿùèõ â ñôåðó ðàáîò ïî ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè è/èëè èñïîëüçóþùèõ ðåçóëüòàòû ýòèõ ðàáîò.

2 Íîðìàòèâíûå ññûëêè

 íàñòîÿùåì ñòàíäàðòå èñïîëüçîâàíà ññûëêà íà ñëåäóþùèé ñòàíäàðò:

ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1-2001 Áåçîïàñíîñòü îáîðóäîâàíèÿ. Îñíîâíûå ïîíÿòèÿ, îáùèå ïðèíöèïû êîíñòðóèðîâàíèÿ. ×àñòü 1. Îñíîâíûå òåðìèíû, ìåòîäèêà

3 Òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ

3.1 ñòàíäàðòû òèïà À: Îñíîâîïîëàãàþùèå ñòàíäàðòû ïî áåçîïàñíîñòè, ñîäåðæàùèå îñíîâíûå êîíöåïöèè, ïðèíöèïû êîíñòðóèðîâàíèÿ è îáùèå àñïåêòû, êîòîðûå ìîãóò áûòü ïðèìåíåíû ê îáîðóäîâàíèþ âñåõ âèäîâ.

(Ñì. 3.1 ÅÍ 414 [1].)

de

Òóð A-Normen

en

type A standards

fr

normes de type A

3.2 ñòàíäàðòû òèïà Â: Ãðóïïîâûå ñòàíäàðòû ïî áåçîïàñíîñòè, êîòîðûå îòíîñÿòñÿ ê îäíîìó àñïåêòó áåçîïàñíîñòè èëè ê îäíîìó òèïó çàùèòíîãî óñòðîéñòâà è êîòîðûå ìîãóò áûòü ïðèìåíåíû ê îáîðóäîâàíèþ øèðîêîãî äèàïàçîíà:

- ñòàíäàðòû òèïà Â1 ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþòñÿ íà îïðåäåëåííûå àñïåêòû áåçîïàñíîñòè (íàïðèìåð, áåçîïàñíîå ðàññòîÿíèå, òåìïåðàòóðà ïîâåðõíîñòè, øóì);

- ñòàíäàðòû òèïà Â2 ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþòñÿ íà óñòðîéñòâà, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèå áåçîïàñíîñòü (íàïðèìåð, äâóðó÷íîå óñòðîéñòâî óïðàâëåíèÿ, áëîêèðóþùåå óñòðîéñòâî).

(Ñì. 3.2 ÅÍ 414 [1].)

de

Òóð B-Normen

en

type  standards

fr

normes de type Â

3.3 ñòàíäàðòû òèïà Ñ: Ñòàíäàðòû ïî áåçîïàñíîñòè ìàøèí, ñîäåðæàùèå äåòàëüíûå òðåáîâàíèÿ ïî áåçîïàñíîñòè îòäåëüíûõ âèäîâ ìàøèí èëè ãðóïïû îäíîðîäíûõ ìàøèí.

(Ñì. 3.3 ÅÍ 414 [1].)

de

Òóð C-Normen

en

type Ñ standards

fr

normes de type Ñ

3.4 îáîðóäîâàíèå: Ñîâîêóïíîñòü ñâÿçàííûõ ìåæäó ñîáîé ÷àñòåé èëè óñòðîéñòâ, èç êîòîðûõ ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå îäíî äâèæåòñÿ, à òàêæå ýëåìåíòû ïðèâîäà, óïðàâëåíèÿ è ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèå óçëû, êîòîðûå ïðåäíàçíà÷åíû äëÿ îïðåäåëåííîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ, â ÷àñòíîñòè äëÿ îáðàáîòêè, ïðîèçâîäñòâà, ïåðåìåùåíèÿ èëè óïàêîâêè ìàòåðèàëà. Ê òåðìèíó «îáîðóäîâàíèå» îòíîñÿò òàêæå ìàøèíó è ñîâîêóïíîñòü ìàøèí, êîòîðûå òàê óñòðîåíû è óïðàâëÿåìû, ÷òî îíè ôóíêöèîíèðóþò êàê åäèíîå öåëîå äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ îäíîé è òîé æå öåëè.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå -  ïðèëîæåíèè À ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1 ïðåäñòàâëåíî îáùåå ñõåìàòè÷åñêîå èçîáðàæåíèå ìàøèíû.

(Ñì. 3.1 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

Maschine

en

machinery

fr

machine

3.5 íàäåæíîñòü: Ñïîñîáíîñòü îáîðóäîâàíèÿ áåçîòêàçíî âûïîëíÿòü çàäàííûå ôóíêöèè ïðè îïðåäåëåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ è â çàäàííîì èíòåðâàëå âðåìåíè.

(Ñì. 3.2 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

Zuverlässigkeit

en

reliability

fr

fiabilité

3.6 ðåìîíòîïðèãîäíîñòü ìàøèíû: Âîçìîæíîñòü ñîäåðæàòü ìàøèíó â òàêîì ñîñòîÿíèè èëè âåðíóòü åå â òàêîå ñîñòîÿíèå, â êîòîðîì îíà ìîãëà áû âûïîëíÿòü ôóíêöèè â îáëàñòè ïðåäíàçíà÷åííîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ (ñì. 3.12 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1), ïðè÷åì ñîäåðæàíèå ìàøèíû â èñïðàâíîñòè ìîæåò áûòü îáåñïå÷åíî èíñòðóêöèåé èçãîòîâèòåëÿ è ñ ïîìîùüþ ïðåäóñìîòðåííûõ äëÿ ýòîãî ñðåäñòâ.

(Ñì. 3.3 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

Instandhaltbarkeit einer Maschine

en

maintainability of a machine

fr

maintenabilité d’une machine

3.7 áåçîïàñíîñòü ìàøèíû: Ñïîñîáíîñòü ìàøèíû âûïîëíÿòü ôóíêöèè è èìåòü âîçìîæíîñòü áûòü òðàíñïîðòèðóåìîé, óñòàíàâëèâàåìîé, ðåãóëèðóåìîé, îáñëóæèâàåìîé, äåìîíòèðóåìîé è óòèëèçèðóåìîé â óñëîâèÿõ ïðåäíàçíà÷åííîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ (ñì. 3.15) ñîãëàñíî èíñòðóêöèè èçãîòîâèòåëÿ (à â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ, â òå÷åíèå çàäàííîãî èíòåðâàëà âðåìåíè, ñîãëàñíî ðóêîâîäñòâó ïî ýêñïëóàòàöèè) áåç òðàâìèðîâàíèÿ èëè íàíåñåíèÿ äðóãîãî âðåäà çäîðîâüþ.

(Ñì. 3.4 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

Sicherheit einer Maschine

en

safety of a machine

fr

sécurite d’une machine

3.8 îïàñíîñòü: Èñòî÷íèê âîçìîæíûõ òðàâì èëè íàíåñåíèÿ äðóãîãî âðåäà çäîðîâüþ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Ïîíÿòèå «îïàñíîñòü» ïðèìåíÿþò â îáùåì ñî÷åòàíèè ñ äðóãèìè ïîíÿòèÿìè, êîòîðûå ñâÿçàíû ñ îæèäàåìûìè òðàâìàìè èëè äðóãèì âðåäîì äëÿ çäîðîâüÿ: îïàñíîñòüþ óäàðà ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì, îïàñíîñòüþ ðàçäàâëèâàíèÿ, îïàñíîñòüþ ïîðåçà, îïàñíîñòüþ îòðàâëåíèÿ è ò.ä. Îïàñíîñòè, êîòîðûå èñõîäÿò îò îáîðóäîâàíèÿ, îïèñàíû â ðàçäåëå 4 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.

(Ñì. 3.5 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

Gefährdung

en

hazard

fr

phénomene dangereux

3.9 îïàñíàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ: Ëþáàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ, â êîòîðîé ÷åëîâåê ïîäâåðæåí îïàñíîñòè èëè îïàñíîñòÿì.

(Ñì. 3.6 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1).

de

Gefährdungssituation

en

hazardous situation

fr

situation dangereuse

3.10 ðèñê: Êîìáèíàöèÿ âåðîÿòíîñòåé è ñòåïåíè òÿæåñòè âîçìîæíûõ òðàâì èëè íàíåñåíèÿ äðóãîãî âðåäà çäîðîâüþ â îïàñíîé ñèòóàöèè.

(Ñì. 3.7 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1).

de

Risiko

en

risk

fr

risque

3.11 îöåíêà ðèñêà: Îöåíêà âåðîÿòíîñòè è ñòåïåíè òÿæåñòè âîçìîæíîãî òðàâìèðîâàíèÿ èëè íàíåñåíèÿ äðóãîãî âðåäà çäîðîâüþ â îïàñíîé ñèòóàöèè ñ öåëüþ âûáðàòü íåîáõîäèìûå ìåðû áåçîïàñíîñòè.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Ðàçäåë 6 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1 ðàññìàòðèâàåò îöåíêó ðèñêà.

(Ñì. 3.8 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

Risikobewertung

en

risk assessment

fr

estimation du risque

3.12 îïàñíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ ìàøèíû: Ëþáàÿ ôóíêöèÿ ìàøèíû, êîòîðàÿ âî âðåìÿ ðàáîòû âûçûâàåò îïàñíîñòü.

(Ñì. 3.9 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

gefährdende Maschinenfunktion

en

hazardous machine function

fr

fonction dangereuse d’une machine

3.13 îïàñíàÿ çîíà: Çîíà âíóòðè è (èëè) âîêðóã ìàøèíû, â êîòîðîé ÷åëîâåê ïîäâåðãàåòñÿ ðèñêó òðàâìèðîâàíèÿ èëè íàíåñåíèÿ äðóãîãî âðåäà çäîðîâüþ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Îïàñíîñòè, êîòîðûå âûçûâàþò ðèñê â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ýòèì îïðåäåëåíèåì:

- ëèáî ïîñòîÿííî äåéñòâóþùèå ïðè ïðåäíàçíà÷åííîì èñïîëüçîâàíèè ìàøèíû (îïàñíîå äâèæåíèå åå ïîäâèæíûõ ÷àñòåé, ýëåêòðè÷åñêàÿ äóãà ïðè ñâàðêå è ò.ä.);

- ëèáî âîçíèêàþùèå íåîæèäàííî (íåîæèäàííûé ïóñê è ò.ä.).

(Ñì. 3.10 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

Gefahrbereich

en

danger zone

fr

zone dangereuse

3.14 êîíñòðóêöèÿ ìàøèíû: Ðÿä äåéñòâèé, âêëþ÷àÿ:

à) èññëåäîâàíèå ñàìîé ìàøèíû, ó÷èòûâàÿ âñå ñòàäèè åå æèçíåííîãî öèêëà:

1) êîíñòðóèðîâàíèå;

2) òðàíñïîðòèðîâàíèå è ââîä â ýêñïëóàòàöèþ:

- ñáîðêà,

- óñòàíîâêà,

- ðåãóëèðîâêà;

3) ïðèìåíåíèå (èñïîëüçîâàíèå):

- íàñòðîéêà, îáó÷åíèå/ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå èëè ïðîöåññ ïåðåíàëàäêè,

- ýêñïëóàòàöèÿ (ðàáîòà),

- î÷èñòêà,

- ïîèñê ïîñëåäñòâèé îòêàçîâ è ïîâðåæäåíèé,

- òåõíè÷åñêîå îáñëóæèâàíèå;

4) âûâîä èç ýêñïëóàòàöèè, äåìîíòàæ, óòèëèçàöèþ;

á) ðàçðàáîòêó ðóêîâîäñòâà ïî ýêñïëóàòàöèè îòíîñèòåëüíî âñåõ âûøåóïîìÿíóòûõ ñòàäèé (èñêëþ÷àÿ êîíñòðóèðîâàíèå) ïî 5.5 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-2 [2].

(Ñì. 3.11 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

Konstruktion einer Maschine

en

design of a machine

fr

conception d’une machine

3.15 ïðåäíàçíà÷åííîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ìàøèíû: Ïðèìåíåíèå, ïðè êîòîðîì ìàøèíó èñïîëüçóþò ñîãëàñíî íàçíà÷åíèþ, ïðåäóñìîòðåííîìó èçãîòîâèòåëåì, èëè êîòîðîå ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáû÷íûì äëÿ êîíñòðóêöèè è íàçíà÷åíèÿ ìàøèíû. Ê ïðåäíàçíà÷åííîìó èñïîëüçîâàíèþ îòíîñÿò, êðîìå òîãî, ñîîòâåòñòâèå òåõíè÷åñêèì èíñòðóêöèÿì, èçëîæåííûì â ðóêîâîäñòâå ïî ýêñïëóàòàöèè (ñì. 5.5 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-2 [2]), ãäå äîëæíû áûòü îïèñàíû âîçìîæíûå ñëó÷àè íåïðàâèëüíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå -  ÷èñëå âîçìîæíûõ ñëó÷àåâ íåïðàâèëüíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïðè îöåíêå ðèñêà äîëæíû áûòü ó÷òåíû ñëåäóþùèå ñëó÷àè ïîâåäåíèÿ:

- âîçìîæíîå îøèáî÷íîå ïîâåäåíèå âñëåäñòâèå îáû÷íîé íåâíèìàòåëüíîñòè, íî íå âñëåäñòâèå ïðåäíàìåðåííîãî íåïðàâèëüíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ìàøèíû;

- ðåàêöèÿ ïåðñîíàëà â ñëó÷àå îøèáêè â ðàáîòå, ïðîñòîÿ è ò.ä. âî âðåìÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ìàøèíû;

- ïîâåäåíèå, êîòîðîå ìîæíî îïðåäåëèòü êàê «ïóòü íàèìåíüøåãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ» ïðè ðåøåíèè çàäà÷è;

- ïðåäíàìåðåííîå ïîâåäåíèå íà íåêîòîðûõ ìàøèíàõ (îñîáåííî íà ìàøèíàõ äëÿ íåïðîèçâîäñòâåííîãî íàçíà÷åíèÿ) îïðåäåëåííîé êàòåãîðèè ëþäåé, íàïðèìåð, äåòåé èëè ëþäåé ñ çàìåäëåííîé ðåàêöèåé. (Ñì. 5.7.1 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

(Ñì. 3.12 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

bestimmungsgemäße Verwendung einer Maschine

en

intended use of a machine

fr

utilisation normale d’une machine

3.16 êðèòè÷åñêèå ôóíêöèè áåçîïàñíîñòè: Ôóíêöèè ìàøèíû, íàðóøåíèå êîòîðûõ ïðèâåëî áû ê ïîâûøåíèþ ðèñêà òðàâìèðîâàíèÿ èëè íàíåñåíèÿ äðóãîãî âðåäà çäîðîâüþ.

Èìåþòñÿ äâå êàòåãîðèè êðèòè÷åñêèõ ôóíêöèé áåçîïàñíîñòè:

à) ñïåöèôè÷åñêèå ôóíêöèè áåçîïàñíîñòè, êîòîðûå ñïåöèàëüíî ïðåäóñìîòðåíû äëÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ áåçîïàñíîñòè. Íàïðèìåð:

- ïðåäîòâðàùàþùèå íåîæèäàííûé ïóñê (áëîêèðîâêà â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ îòäåëüíûìè çàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè),

- ïðåïÿòñòâóþùèå ïîâòîðåíèþ ðàáî÷åãî öèêëà,

- äâóðó÷íîå óïðàâëåíèå;

á) ôóíêöèè ñàìîé ìàøèíû, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèå áåçîïàñíîñòü, íî íå ÿâëÿþùèåñÿ ñïåöèôè÷åñêèìè ôóíêöèÿìè. Íàïðèìåð:

- ðó÷íîå óïðàâëåíèå îäíèì îïàñíûì ìåõàíèçìîì âî âðåìÿ íàëàäêè ïðè îòêëþ÷åííûõ çàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâàõ. (Ñì. 3.7.9 è 4.1.4 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-2 [2].),

- óïðàâëåíèå ñêîðîñòüþ èëè òåìïåðàòóðîé, êîòîðûå ïîääåðæèâàþòñÿ ìàøèíîé â áåçîïàñíîì äèàïàçîíå.

(Ñì. 3.13.1 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

direkt wirkende Sicherheitsfunktionen

en

safety critical functions

fr

fonctions de sécurité directe

3.17 äóáëèðóþùèå ôóíêöèè áåçîïàñíîñòè: Ôóíêöèè, îòêàç êîòîðûõ íå âåäåò íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ê îïàñíîñòè, îäíàêî óìåíüøàåò óðîâåíü áåçîïàñíîñòè. Îíè îõâàòûâàþò àâòîìàòè÷åñêèé êîíòðîëü (ñì. 3.7.6 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-2 [2]) ëþáîé êðèòè÷åñêîé ôóíêöèè áåçîïàñíîñòè (íàïðèìåð, êîíòðîëü ïðàâèëüíîé ðàáîòû ïîçèöèîííîãî ïåðåêëþ÷àòåëÿ, îòíîñÿùåãîñÿ ê áëîêèðóþùåìó óñòðîéñòâó).

(Ñì. 3.13.2 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

indirekt wirkende Sicherheitsfunktionen

en

back-up functions

fr

fonctions de sécurité indirecte

3.18 àâòîìàòè÷åñêèé êîíòðîëü: Äóáëèðóþùàÿ ôóíêöèÿ áåçîïàñíîñòè, êîòîðàÿ îáåñïå÷èâàåò çàäàííûé óðîâåíü áåçîïàñíîñòè, åñëè ñïîñîáíîñòü ñîñòàâíîé ÷àñòè èëè ýëåìåíòà ìàøèíû âûïîëíÿòü ñâîè ôóíêöèè óìåíüøàåòñÿ èëè óñëîâèÿ ðàáîòû èçìåíÿþòñÿ äî îïàñíîãî óðîâíÿ.

Åñòü äâå êàòåãîðèè àâòîìàòè÷åñêîãî êîíòðîëÿ:

- íåïðåðûâíûé àâòîìàòè÷åñêèé êîíòðîëü ïóòåì íåìåäëåííîãî âêëþ÷åíèÿ ìåð áåçîïàñíîñòè, åñëè íàñòóïàåò îòêàç;

- äèñêðåòíûé àâòîìàòè÷åñêèé êîíòðîëü, êîãäà ôóíêöèÿ áåçîïàñíîñòè âêëþ÷àåòñÿ âî âðåìÿ ïîñëåäóþùåãî ðàáî÷åãî öèêëà ìàøèíû, åñëè ïðîèçîøåë îòêàç.

(Ñì. 3.14 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

automatische Überwachung

en

automatic monitoring

fr

auto-surveillance

3.19 âåäóùèé ê îïàñíîìó ñîñòîÿíèþ îòêàç: Ëþáîé îòêàç ìàøèíû èëè ïåðåáîé â åå ýíåðãîñíàáæåíèè, êîòîðûé ïðèâîäèò ê îïàñíîìó ñîñòîÿíèþ.

(Ñì. 3.16 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

Ausfall, der zum gefährlichen Zustand führt

en

failure to danger

fr

défaillance dangereuse

3.20 ñíèæåíèå ðèñêà ïóòåì êîíñòðóèðîâàíèÿ: Ê ñíèæåíèþ ðèñêà îòíîñÿò:

- óñòðàíåíèå èëè óìåíüøåíèå êàê ìîæíî áîëüøåãî ÷èñëà îïàñíîñòåé ïóòåì ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî âûáîðà êîíñòðóêöèè;

- îãðàíè÷åíèå âîçìîæíîñòè ïîäâåðãíóòü ÷åëîâåêà íåóñòðàíèìûì îïàñíîñòÿì èëè îïàñíîñòÿì, êîòîðûå ìîãóò áûòü äîñòàòî÷íî ñíèæåíû. Ñíèæåíèå ðèñêà ìîæåò áûòü äîñòèãíóòî òàêæå ñîêðàùåíèåì âðåìåíè ïðîâåäåíèÿ ðàáîò â îïàñíûõ çîíàõ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Ðàçäåë 3 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-2 [2] ðàññìàòðèâàåò ñíèæåíèå ðèñêà ïóòåì êîíñòðóèðîâàíèÿ.

(Ñì. 3.18 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

Risikominderung durch Konstruktion

en

risk reduction by design

fr

prévention intrinsèque

3.21 òåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðû çàùèòû: Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñïåöèàëüíûõ òåõíè÷åñêèõ ñðåäñòâ (çàùèòíûõ èëè ïðåäîõðàíèòåëüíûõ óñòðîéñòâ), ÷òîáû çàùèòèòü ïåðñîíàë îò îïàñíîñòè, êîòîðàÿ íå ìîæåò áûòü ïîëíîñòüþ óñòðàíåíà èëè äîñòàòî÷íî îãðàíè÷åíà êîíñòðóèðîâàíèåì.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Ðàçäåë 4 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-2 [2] ðàññìàòðèâàåò òåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðû çàùèòû.

(Ñì. 3.19 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

technische Schutzmaßnahmen

en

safeguarding

fr

protection

3.22 èíôîðìàöèÿ äëÿ ïîòðåáèòåëÿ: Ìåðû áåçîïàñíîñòè, ñîñòîÿùèå èç êîììóíèêàòèâíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ, òàêèõ êàê òåêñòû, ñëîâà, çíàêè, ñèãíàëû, ñèìâîëû èëè äèàãðàììû, ïðèìåíÿåìûå âìåñòå èëè ïî îòäåëüíîñòè äëÿ ïåðåäà÷è èíôîðìàöèè ïîòðåáèòåëþ. Îíè ïðåäíàçíà÷åíû äëÿ ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõ è (èëè) íåïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõ ïîòðåáèòåëåé.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Ðàçäåë 5 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-2 [2] ñîäåðæèò èíôîðìàöèþ ïîòðåáèòåëþ.

(Ñì. 3.20 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

Benutzerinformation

en

information for use

fr

informations pour l’utilisation

3.23 îïåðàòîð: Ëèöî, êîòîðîå çàíèìàåòñÿ óñòàíîâêîé è ïóñêîì â ýêñïëóàòàöèþ, íàëàäêîé, òåõíè÷åñêèì îáñëóæèâàíèåì, î÷èñòêîé, ðåìîíòîì èëè òðàíñïîðòèðîâàíèåì îáîðóäîâàíèÿ.

(Ñì. 3.21 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

Operator

en

operator

fr

opérateur

3.24 çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå: ×àñòü ìàøèíû, êîòîðóþ èñïîëüçóþò ñïåöèàëüíî äëÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ çàùèòû ïîñðåäñòâîì ôèçè÷åñêîãî áàðüåðà.  çàâèñèìîñòè îò êîíñòðóêöèè çàùèòíûì îãðàæäåíèåì ìîæíî íàçâàòü êîæóõ, êðûøêó, ýêðàí, äâåðöó è ò.ä.

Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ

1 Çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå ìîæåò ôóíêöèîíèðîâàòü:

- ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî, è îíî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ýôôåêòèâíûì òîëüêî â çàêðûòîì ïîëîæåíèè;

- ñîâìåñòíî ñ áëîêèðóþùèì óñòðîéñòâîì ñ ôèêñàöèåé èëè áåç íåå, â ýòîì ñëó÷àå çàùèòà îáåñïå÷èâàåòñÿ íåçàâèñèìî îò ïîëîæåíèÿ çàùèòíîãî îãðàæäåíèÿ.

2 Íåïîäâèæíîå çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå ñ÷èòàþò «çàêðûòûì», êîãäà îíî çàêðåïëåíî â çàêðûòîì ïîëîæåíèè.

(Ñì. 3.22 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

trennende Schutzeinrichtung

en

guard

fr

protecteur

3.25 íåïîäâèæíîå çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå: Çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå, çàêðåïëåííîå íà ìåñòå (ò.å. çàêðûòî):

- ëèáî ïîñòîÿííî (ïóòåì ïðèâàðèâàíèÿ è ò.ä.);

- ëèáî ñ ïîìîùüþ ýëåìåíòîâ êðåïëåíèÿ (áîëòîâ, ãàåê è ò.ä.), êîòîðîå íåâîçìîæíî ñíÿòü èëè îòêðûòü áåç ïðèìåíåíèÿ èíñòðóìåíòîâ.

(Ñì. 3.22.1 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

feststehende trennende Schutzeinrichtung

en

fixed guard

fr

protecteur fixe

3.26 ïîäâèæíîå çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå: Çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå, êîòîðîå â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ìåõàíè÷åñêè ñîåäèíåíî ñî ñòàíèíîé ìàøèíû (íàïðèìåð, ïîñðåäñòâîì øàðíèðîâ èëè ïðÿìîëèíåéíûõ íàïðàâëÿþùèõ) èëè ñ îäíèì ñîñåäíèì íåïîäâèæíûì ýëåìåíòîì è êîòîðîå ìîæåò áûòü îòêðûòî áåç ïðèìåíåíèÿ èíñòðóìåíòîâ.

(Ñì. 3.22.2 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

bewegliche trennende Schutzeinrichtung

en

movable guard

fr

protecteur mobile

3.27 ðåãóëèðóåìîå çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå: Çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå, ðåãóëèðóåìîå â öåëîì èëè ñîäåðæàùåå îòäåëüíûå ðåãóëèðóåìûå ÷àñòè. Ðåãóëèðîâêà ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ íåèçìåííîé â òå÷åíèå îïðåäåëåííîãî òåõíîëîãè÷åñêîãî ýòàïà. (Ñì. 3.22.3 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

einstellbare trennende Schutzeinrichtung

en

adjustable guard

fr

protecteur réglable

3.28 óïðàâëÿåìîå çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå: Çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå ñ áëîêèðîâêîé (ñì. 3.23.1 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1), ïðè ïðèìåíåíèè êîòîðîãî:

- îïàñíûå ôóíêöèè ìàøèíû, áëîêèðóåìûå óêàçàííûì çàùèòíûì îãðàæäåíèåì, íå ìîãóò áûòü îñóùåñòâëåíû, ïîêà ýòî çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå íå çàêðûòî;

- çàêðûòèå óêàçàííîãî çàùèòíîãî îãðàæäåíèÿ äåëàåò âîçìîæíûì âûïîëíåíèå îïàñíûõ ôóíêöèé ìàøèíû.

(Ñì. 3.22.6 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

steuernde trennende Schutzeinrichtung

en

control guard

fr

protecteur commandant la mise en marche

3.29 ïðåäîõðàíèòåëüíîå óñòðîéñòâî: Óñòðîéñòâî áåç ôóíêöèè îãðàæäåíèÿ, êîòîðîå èñêëþ÷àåò èëè óìåíüøàåò îïàñíîñòü ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî èëè ñîâìåñòíî ñ çàùèòíûì îãðàæäåíèåì.

(Ñì. 3.23 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

nicht trennende Schutzeinrichtung

en

safety device

fr

Dispositif de protection

3.30 ñîïóòñòâóþùåå óñòðîéñòâî óïðàâëåíèÿ: Äîïîëíèòåëüíîå ðó÷íîå óñòðîéñòâî óïðàâëåíèÿ, èñïîëüçóåìîå ñîâìåñòíî ñ îðãàíîì óïðàâëåíèÿ ïóñêîì, êîòîðîå ïðè íåïðåðûâíîì âîçäåéñòâèè íà íåãî ïîçâîëÿåò ìàøèíå ôóíêöèîíèðîâàòü.

(Ñì. 3.23.2 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

Zustimmungseinrichtung

en

enabling control device

fr

Dispositif de validation

3.31 óñòðîéñòâî óïðàâëåíèÿ ñ àâòîìàòè÷åñêèì âîçâðàòîì â èñõîäíîå ïîëîæåíèå: Óñòðîéñòâî óïðàâëåíèÿ, êîòîðîå ïðèâîäèò â äåéñòâèå è ïîääåðæèâàåò ðàáîòó ýëåìåíòîâ ìàøèíû òîëüêî ïðè âîçäåéñòâèè íà îðãàí ðó÷íîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ. Îðãàí ðó÷íîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ àâòîìàòè÷åñêè âîçâðàùàåòñÿ â ïîçèöèþ îñòàíîâà, êîãäà åãî îòïóñêàþò.

(Ñì. 3.23.3 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

Steuereinrichtung mit selbsttätiger Rückstellung

en

hold-to-run control device

fr

commande nécessitant une action maintenue

3.32 äâóðó÷íîå óñòðîéñòâî óïðàâëåíèÿ: Óñòðîéñòâî óïðàâëåíèÿ ñ àâòîìàòè÷åñêèì âîçâðàòîì, êîòîðîå äëÿ ïóñêà è ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ ìàøèíû òðåáóåò ñîâìåñòíîãî äåéñòâèÿ äâóõ îðãàíîâ ðó÷íîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ, ñîçäàâàÿ, òåì ñàìûì, çàùèòó äëÿ îïåðàòîðà, âîçäåéñòâóþùåãî íà îðãàíû ðó÷íîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ.

(Ñì. 3.23.4 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

Schutzeinrichtung mit Annäherungsreaktion

en

two-hand control device

fr

commande bimanuelle

3.33 âêëþ÷àþùåå óñòðîéñòâî: Óñòðîéñòâî, êîòîðîå îñòàíàâëèâàåò ìàøèíó èëè ýëåìåíòû ìàøèíû (èëè èíûì ñïîñîáîì îáåñïå÷èâàåò áåçîïàñíîå ñîñòîÿíèå) â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà îïåðàòîð èëè ÷àñòü åãî òåëà îêàçàëèñü â ïðåäåëàõ îïàñíîé çîíû.

Âûêëþ÷àþùèå óñòðîéñòâà ñ ðåàêöèåé íà ïðèáëèæåíèå ìîãóò áûòü:

- ìåõàíè÷åñêîãî äåéñòâèÿ: òåëåñêîïè÷åñêèé äàò÷èê, óñòðîéñòâà, ðåàãèðóþùèå íà äàâëåíèå, è ò.ä.;

- íåìåõàíè÷åñêîãî äåéñòâèÿ: ôîòîýëåêòðè÷åñêèå óñòðîéñòâà, óñòðîéñòâà ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì åìêîñòíûõ è óëüòðàçâóêîâûõ äàò÷èêîâ è ò.ä.

(Ñì. 3.23.5 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

Zweihandschaltung

en

trip device

fr

dispositif sensible

3.34 ìåõàíè÷åñêîå îãðàíè÷èâàþùåå óñòðîéñòâî: Óñòðîéñòâî, êîòîðîå ñîçäàåò ìåõàíè÷åñêîå ïðåïÿòñòâèå (êëèí, ñòåðæåíü, ñòîïîð, ðàñïîðêà è ò.ä.) äëÿ ìàøèíû è, áëàãîäàðÿ ñâîåé ïðî÷íîñòè, ìîæåò ïðåïÿòñòâîâàòü ëþáîìó îïàñíîìó äâèæåíèþ (íàïðèìåð, ïàäåíèþ êîïðà èç-çà îòêàçà íîðìàëüíîãî îïîðíîãî óñòðîéñòâà).

(Ñì. 3.23.6 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

durch Formschluß wirkende Schutzeinrichtung

en

mechanical restraint device

fr

dispositif de retenue mécanique

3.35 îãðàíè÷èâàþùåå óñòðîéñòâî: Óñòðîéñòâî, êîòîðîå ïðåïÿòñòâóåò ìàøèíå èëè ýëåìåíòàì ìàøèíû ïåðåéòè çàäàííûå ãðàíèöû (íàïðèìåð, ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûå ãðàíèöû, ïðåäåëüíîå äàâëåíèå).

(Ñì. 3.23.7 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

Begrenzungseinrichtung

en

limiting device

fr

dispositif limiteur

3.36 óñòðîéñòâî óïðàâëåíèÿ îãðàíè÷åííûì äâèæåíèåì: Óñòðîéñòâî óïðàâëåíèÿ, êîòîðîå ïðè âîçäåéñòâèè íà íåãî îãðàíè÷èâàåò äâèæåíèå ýëåìåíòà ìàøèíû, òåì ñàìûì, ïî âîçìîæíîñòè, óìåíüøàÿ ðèñê. Äàëüíåéøåå äâèæåíèå èñêëþ÷àåòñÿ äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà íå ïðîèçîéäåò ïîñëåäóþùåå è äîïîëíèòåëüíîå âîçäåéñòâèå íà îðãàí óïðàâëåíèÿ.

(Ñì. 3.23.8 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

Schrittschaltung

en

limited movement control device

fr

dispositif de commande de marche par à-coups

3.37 çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå äëÿ îãðàíè÷åíèÿ äîñòóïà: Ôèçè÷åñêîå ïðåïÿòñòâèå, êîòîðîå íå èñêëþ÷àåò ïîëíîñòüþ äîñòóï ê îïàñíîé çîíå, íî çàòðóäíÿåò ñâîáîäíûé äîñòóï.

(Ñì. 3.24 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1.)

de

abweisende Schutzeinrichtung

en

deterring device

fr

dispositif déflecteur

3.38 çàùèòíàÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ: Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ ïðåãðàäà, íàïðèìåð, çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå, ÷àñòü ìàøèíû, êîòîðàÿ îãðàíè÷èâàåò ïåðåìåùåíèå îïåðàòîðà è (èëè) ÷àñòåé åãî òåëà.

(Ñì. 3.1 ÅÍ 294 [3].)

de

schützende Konstruktion

en

protective structure

fr

structure de protection

3.39 áåçîïàñíîå ðàññòîÿíèå: Ìèíèìàëüíîå ðàññòîÿíèå îò îïàñíîé çîíû, íà êîòîðîì äîëæíà áûòü ðàñïîëîæåíà çàùèòíàÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ.

(Ñì. 3.2 ÅÍ 294 [3].)

de

Sicherheitsabstand

en

safety distance

fr

distance de sécurité

3.40 àâàðèéíûé îñòàíîâ: Ôóíêöèÿ, êîòîðàÿ ïðåäóñìîòðåíà äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû:

- ïðåäîòâðàùàòü âîçíèêàþùèå è óìåíüøàòü ñóùåñòâóþùèå äëÿ îïåðàòîðà îïàñíîñòè, ïîâðåæäåíèÿ ìàøèí èëè îáðàáàòûâàåìûõ äåòàëåé;

- áûòü âûçâàííîé îäíèì åäèíñòâåííûì äåéñòâèåì îïåðàòîðà â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà ôóíêöèÿ íîðìàëüíîãî îñòàíîâà íå ìîæåò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàíà.

Îïàñíîñòè, ðàññìàòðèâàåìûå â íàñòîÿùåì ñòàíäàðòå, - òå îïàñíîñòè, êîòîðûå ìîãóò ÿâëÿòüñÿ ðåçóëüòàòîì:

- ôóíêöèîíàëüíûõ íàðóøåíèé (íåïðàâèëüíîå ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå ìàøèíû, íåäîïóñòèìûå ñâîéñòâà îáðàáàòûâàåìûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ, îøèáêè îïåðàòîðà);

- íîðìàëüíîé ýêñïëóàòàöèè.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Ôóíêöèè, òàêèå êàê ðåâåðñèðîâàíèå èëè îãðàíè÷åíèå äâèæåíèÿ, îòêëîíåíèå, ýêðàíèðîâàíèå, òîðìîæåíèå, ðàçúåäèíåíèå, ìîãóò áûòü ÷àñòüþ ôóíêöèè àâàðèéíîãî îñòàíîâà.  íàñòîÿùåì ñòàíäàðòå ýòè ôóíêöèè íå ðàññìàòðèâàþò.

(Ñì. 3.1 ÅÍ 418 [4].)

de

NOT-AUS

en

emergency stop

fr

arrêt durgence

3.41 óñòðîéñòâà àâàðèéíîãî îñòàíîâà: Ñîâîêóïíîñòü óñòðîéñòâ, ïðåäóñìîòðåííûõ äëÿ âûïîëíåíèÿ ôóíêöèè àâàðèéíîãî îñòàíîâà (ñì. ðèñóíîê 2 ÅÍ 418 [4].)

(Ñì. 3.2 ÅÍ 418 [4].)

de

NOT-AUS-Einrichtung

en

emergency stop equipment

fr

équipement d’arrêt d’urgence

3.42 îðãàí ðó÷íîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ: Ýëåìåíò óïðàâëÿþùåãî óñòðîéñòâà, êîòîðûé ïðè âîçäåéñòâèè íà íåãî âêëþ÷àåò óïðàâëÿþùåå óñòðîéñòâî è êîòîðûé ñïðîåêòèðîâàí òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû èì óïðàâëÿë îïåðàòîð (ñì. 4.4.1 ÅÍ 418 [4]).

(Ñì. 3.4 ÅÍ 418 [4].)

de

Stellteil

en

manual control

fr

organe de service

3.43 îðãàí óïðàâëåíèÿ: ×àñòü ñèñòåìû ïðèâîäà, ïîäâåðãàåìàÿ âíåøíåìó ñèëîâîìó âîçäåéñòâèþ (ñì. [5]).

Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ

1 Îðãàí óïðàâëåíèÿ ìîæåò èìåòü ôîðìó ðó÷êè, ðóêîÿòêè, íàæèìíîé êíîïêè, ðîëèêà, ïëóíæåðà è ò.ä.

2 Åñòü íåñêîëüêî ñïîñîáîâ ïðèâåäåíèÿ â äåéñòâèå, êîòîðûå íå òðåáóþò âíåøíåãî ñèëîâîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ, à òîëüêî êàêîãî-ëèáî äåéñòâèÿ.

3 Ñì. òàêæå 3.32 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].

(Ñì. 3.1 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

Bedienteil

en

actuator

fr

organe de commande

3.44 öåïü óïðàâëåíèÿ: Öåïü, ñëóæàùàÿ äëÿ óïðàâëåíèÿ ðàáîòîé ìàøèíû è çàùèòû ñèëîâûõ öåïåé.

(Ñì. 3.8 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

Steuerstromkreis

en

control circuit

fr

circuit de commande

3.45 óïðàâëÿþùåå óñòðîéñòâî: Óñòðîéñòâî, âêëþ÷åííîå â öåïü óïðàâëåíèÿ è èñïîëüçóåìîå äëÿ óïðàâëåíèÿ ðàáîòîé ìàøèíû (íàïðèìåð, äàò÷èê ïîëîæåíèÿ, ðó÷íîé êîíòðîëüíûé ïåðåêëþ÷àòåëü, ðåëå, ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíûé êëàïàí).

(Ñì. 3.9 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

Steuergerät

en

control device

fr

appareil de commande

3.46 êîíòðîëèðóåìûé îñòàíîâ: Îñòàíîâ äâèæåíèÿ ìàøèíû â ðåçóëüòàòå, íàïðèìåð, óìåíüøåíèÿ çíà÷åíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî ñèãíàëà óïðàâëåíèÿ äî íóëÿ ïîñëå òîãî, êàê ñèãíàë îñòàíîâà áûë ðàñïîçíàí óïðàâëÿþùèì óñòðîéñòâîì, íî ïðè ñîõðàíåíèè ïîäà÷è ýëåêòðîýíåðãèè íà èñïîëíèòåëüíûå ìåõàíèçìû ìàøèíû âî âðåìÿ ïðîöåññà îñòàíîâà.

(Ñì. 3.11 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

gesteuertes Stillsetzen

en

controlled stop

fr

arrêt contrôlé

3.47 ïðÿìîé êîíòàêò: Êîíòàêò ëþäåé èëè äîìàøíèõ æèâîòíûõ è ñêîòà ñ ÷àñòÿìè îáîðóäîâàíèÿ, íàõîäÿùèìèñÿ ïîä íàïðÿæåíèåì (ñì. [7]).

(Ñì. 3.13 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

direktes Berühren

en

direct contact

fr

contact direct

3.48 îáîëî÷êà: Ýëåìåíò, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèé çàùèòó îáîðóäîâàíèÿ îò îïðåäåëåííûõ âíåøíèõ âîçäåéñòâèé, à òàêæå çàùèòó ñî âñåõ ñòîðîí îò ïðÿìûõ êîíòàêòîâ (ñì. [7]).

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Îïðåäåëåíèå, âçÿòîå èç ÌÝÑ, òðåáóåò ñëåäóþùèõ ïîÿñíåíèé îòíîñèòåëüíî îáëàñòè ïðèìåíåíèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî ñòàíäàðòà (ñì. ÃÎÑÒ 14254 [8]):

à) îáîëî÷êè îáåñïå÷èâàþò çàùèòó ëþäåé èëè äîìàøíèõ æèâîòíûõ è ñêîòà îò äîñòóïà ê îïàñíûì ÷àñòÿì;

á) áàðüåðû, ðåøåòêè èëè ëþáûå äðóãèå ñðåäñòâà, ëèáî ïðèñîåäèíåííûå ê îáîëî÷êå, ëèáî ðàçìåùåííûå ïîä íåé è ïðèñïîñîáëåííûå äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ èëè îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ïðîíèêíîâåíèÿ ñïåöèàëüíûõ èñïûòàòåëüíûõ äàò÷èêîâ, ðàññìàòðèâàþò êàê ÷àñòè îáîëî÷êè, êðîìå ñëó÷àåâ, êîãäà îíè ìîãóò áûòü äåìîíòèðîâàíû áåç ïðèìåíåíèÿ êëþ÷à èëè äðóãîãî èíñòðóìåíòà.

Îáîëî÷êà ìîæåò áûòü â âèäå:

- øêàôà èëè êîðîáêè, óñòàíîâëåííîãî(îé) ëèáî íà ìàøèíå, ëèáî îòäåëüíî îò íåå;

- îòñåêà, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùåãî ñîáîé çàêðûòîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî è ÿâëÿþùåãîñÿ ÷àñòüþ êîíñòðóêöèè ìàøèíû.

(Ñì. 3.18 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

Gchäuse

en

enclosure

fr

enveloppe

3.49 ýêâèïîòåíöèàëüíîå ñîåäèíåíèå: Ýëåêòðè÷åñêîå ñîåäèíåíèå, ïîäâîäÿùåå ê îäíîìó è òîìó æå ïîòåíöèàëó ðàçëè÷íûå îòêðûòûå è âíåøíèå òîêîïðîâîäÿùèå ÷àñòè (ñì. [7]).

(Ñì. 3.20 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

Potentialausgleich

en

equipotential bonding

fr

liaison équipotentielle

3.50 îòêðûòàÿ òîêîïðîâîäÿùàÿ ÷àñòü: Òîêîïðîâîäÿùàÿ ÷àñòü ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ, ê êîòîðîé ìîæíî ïðèêîñíóòüñÿ è êîòîðàÿ îáû÷íî íå íàõîäèòñÿ ïîä íàïðÿæåíèåì, íî â ñëó÷àå ïîâðåæäåíèÿ ìîæåò îêàçàòüñÿ ïîä íàïðÿæåíèåì.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Òîêîïðîâîäÿùóþ ÷àñòü ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ, êîòîðàÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå ïîâðåæäåíèÿ ìîæåò îêàçàòüñÿ ïîä íàïðÿæåíèåì ÷åðåç îòêðûòóþ òîêîïðîâîäÿùóþ ÷àñòü, íå ñ÷èòàþò îòêðûòîé òîêîïðîâîäÿùåé ÷àñòüþ (ñì. [7]).

(Ñì. 3.21 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

Körper (cines elektrischen Betriebsmittels)

en

exposed conductive part

fr

masse (partie conductrice accessible)

3.51 âíåøíÿÿ òîêîïðîâîäÿùàÿ ÷àñòü: Òîêîïðîâîäÿùàÿ ÷àñòü, íå âõîäÿùàÿ â ñîñòàâ ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî óñòðîéñòâà, íî ñïîñîáíàÿ ââîäèòü ýëåêòðè÷åñêèé ïîòåíöèàë, êîòîðûé îáû÷íî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîòåíöèàëîì çåìëè (ñì. [7]).

(Ñì. 3.22 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

fremdes leitfähiges Teil

en

extraneous conductive part

fr

élément conducteur

3.52 îòêàç: Íàðóøåíèå ñïîñîáíîñòè îáîðóäîâàíèÿ âûïîëíÿòü òðåáóåìóþ ôóíêöèþ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ

1 Ïîñëå îòêàçà îáîðóäîâàíèå íàõîäèòñÿ â íåèñïðàâíîì ñîñòîÿíèè.

2 «Îòêàç» ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñîáûòèåì, â îòëè÷èå îò «íåèñïðàâíîñòè», êîòîðàÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñîñòîÿíèåì.

3 Ýòî ïîíÿòèå, êàê îíî îïðåäåëåíî, íå ïðèìåíÿþò ê îáîðóäîâàíèþ, ñîñòîÿùåìó òîëüêî èç ïðîãðàììíûõ ñðåäñòâ (ñì. ÌÝÊ 60050-191 [9]).

4 Íà ïðàêòèêå òåðìèíû «îòêàç» è «íåèñïðàâíîñòü» ÷àñòî èñïîëüçóþò êàê ñèíîíèìû.

(Ñì. 3.23 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

Ausfall

en

failure

fr

défaillance

3.53 íåèñïðàâíîñòü: Ñîñòîÿíèå îáîðóäîâàíèÿ, õàðàêòåðèçóåìîå åãî íåñïîñîáíîñòüþ âûïîëíÿòü òðåáóåìóþ ôóíêöèþ, èñêëþ÷àÿ ïðîôèëàêòè÷åñêîå îáñëóæèâàíèå èëè äðóãèå ïëàíîâî-ïðåäóïðåäèòåëüíûå äåéñòâèÿ, à òàêæå èñêëþ÷àÿ íåñïîñîáíîñòü âûïîëíÿòü òðåáóåìóþ ôóíêöèþ èç-çà íåäîñòàòêà âíåøíèõ ðåñóðñîâ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Íåèñïðàâíîñòü ÷àñòî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñëåäñòâèåì îòêàçà ñàìîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ, íî ìîæåò ñóùåñòâîâàòü è áåç ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîãî îòêàçà.

(Ñì. 3.24 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

Fehler

en

fault

fr

défaut

3.54 êîñâåííûé êîíòàêò: Êîíòàêò ëþäåé èëè äîìàøíèõ æèâîòíûõ è ñêîòà ñ îòêðûòûìè òîêîïðîâîäÿùèìè ÷àñòÿìè, êîòîðûå îêàçàëèñü ïîä íàïðÿæåíèåì â ðåçóëüòàòå íåèñïðàâíîñòè (ñì. [7]).

(Ñì. 3.27 EH 60204-1 [6].)

de

indirekters Berühren

en

indirect contact

fr

contact indirect

3.55 íàõîäÿùàÿñÿ ïîä íàïðÿæåíèåì ÷àñòü: Ïðîâîä èëè òîêîïðîâîäÿùàÿ ÷àñòü, íàõîäÿùàÿñÿ ïîä íàïðÿæåíèåì ïðè íîðìàëüíîé ðàáîòå, à òàêæå íóëåâîé ïðîâîä, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì, ïðè îïðåäåëåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ, PEN-ïðîâîäà (ñîâìåùåííûé íóëåâîé ðàáî÷èé è çàùèòíûé ïðîâîä).

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Ïîä ýòèì òåðìèíîì íåîáÿçàòåëüíî ïîíèìàþò ðèñê îò óäàðà ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì (ñì. [7]).

(Ñì. 3.31 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

aktives Teil

en

live part

fr

partie active

3.56 èñïîëíèòåëüíûé ìåõàíèçì ìàøèíû: Ñèëîâîé ìåõàíèçì, èñïîëüçóåìûé äëÿ ïðèâåäåíèÿ ìàøèíû â äâèæåíèå.

(Ñì. 3.32 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

Maschinen-Antriebselement

en

machine actuator

fr

actionneur

3.57 íóëåâîé ïðîâîä (N): Ïðîâîä, ñîåäèíåííûé ñ íåéòðàëüíîé (íóëåâîé) òî÷êîé ñåòè è îáëàäàþùèé âîçìîæíîñòüþ ïåðåäà÷è ýëåêòðè÷åñêîé ýíåðãèè (ñì. [7]).

(Ñì. 3.35 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

Neutralleiter (N)

en

neutral conductor (N)

fr

conducteur neutre (N)

3.58 ñâåðõòîê: Ëþáîé òîê, çíà÷åíèå êîòîðîãî ïðåâûøàåò íîìèíàëüíîå. Äëÿ ïðîâîäîâ íîìèíàëüíûì çíà÷åíèåì òîêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ çíà÷åíèå ïðåäåëüíî äîïóñòèìîãî òîêà (ñì. [7]).

(Ñì. 3.37 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

Überstrom

en

overcurrent

fr

surintensité

3.59 ïåðåãðóçêà öåïè: Îòíîøåíèå âðåìÿ/ýëåêòðè÷åñêèé òîê äëÿ öåïè, â êîòîðîé ïðåâûøåíà ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ äîïóñòèìàÿ íàãðóçêà, êîãäà öåïü íàõîäèòñÿ â èñïðàâíîì ñîñòîÿíèè.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Íå ñëåäóåò èñïîëüçîâàòü òåðìèí «ïåðåãðóçêà» êàê ñèíîíèì òåðìèíà «ñâåðõòîê».

(Ñì. 3.38 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

Überlast eines Stromkreises

en

overload of a circuit

fr

surcharge d’un circuit

3.60 ñèëîâàÿ öåïü: Öåïü, ïåðåäàþùàÿ ýíåðãèþ îò ñåòè ê ýëåìåíòàì îáîðóäîâàíèÿ, èñïîëüçóåìûì äëÿ âûïîëíåíèÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ îïåðàöèé, à òàêæå ê òðàíñôîðìàòîðàì, ïèòàþùèì öåïè óïðàâëåíèÿ.

(Ñì. 3.41 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

Hauptstromkreis

en

power circuit

fr

circuit de puissance

3.61 öåïü çàùèòû: Ñîâîêóïíîñòü çàùèòíûõ ïðîâîäîâ è òîêîïðîâîäÿùèõ ÷àñòåé, èñïîëüçóåìûõ äëÿ çàùèòû îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì â ñëó÷àå ïîâðåæäåíèÿ èçîëÿöèè.

(Ñì. 3.42 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

Schutzleitersystem

en

protective bonding circuit

fr

circuit de protection

3.62 çàùèòíûé ïðîâîä: Ïðîâîä, íåîáõîäèìûé â îïðåäåëåííîé ìåðå â êà÷åñòâå çàùèòíîãî ñðåäñòâà îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì è ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé äëÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî ñîåäèíåíèÿ ëþáûõ ñëåäóþùèõ ÷àñòåé:

- îòêðûòûõ òîêîïðîâîäÿùèõ ÷àñòåé;

- âíåøíèõ òîêîïðîâîäÿùèõ ÷àñòåé;

- îñíîâíîãî çàæèìà çàçåìëåíèÿ (ñì. [7]).

(Ñì. 3.43 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

Schutzleiter

en

protective conductor

fr

conducteur de protection

3.63 ðåçåðâèðîâàíèå: Ïðèìåíåíèå äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ óñòðîéñòâ è ñèñòåì èëè ýëåìåíòîâ óñòðîéñòâ è ñèñòåì îáîðóäîâàíèÿ äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû â ñëó÷àå îòêàçà îäíîãî èç íèõ âûïîëíÿòü òðåáóåìóþ ôóíêöèþ â ðàñïîðÿæåíèè èìåëîñü äðóãîå óñòðîéñòâî (èëè ýëåìåíò óñòðîéñòâà), ãîòîâîå âûïîëíÿòü ýòó ôóíêöèþ.

(Ñì. 3.44 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

Redundanz

en

redundancy

fr

redondance

3.64 êîììóòàöèîííîå óñòðîéñòâî: Óñòðîéñòâî, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííîå äëÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ èëè ïðåðûâàíèÿ ïîäà÷è ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî òîêà â ýëåêòðè÷åñêèå öåïè (ñì. [5]).

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Êîììóòàöèîííîå óñòðîéñòâî ìîæåò âûïîëíÿòü îäíó èëè îáå ýòè ôóíêöèè.

(Ñì. 3.54 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

Schaltgerät

en

switching device

fr

appareil de connexion

3.65 íåêîíòðîëèðóåìûé îñòàíîâ: Îñòàíîâ äâèæåíèÿ ìàøèíû â ðåçóëüòàòå îòêëþ÷åíèÿ ïîäà÷è ýëåêòðîýíåðãèè íà èñïîëíèòåëüíûå ìåõàíèçìû ìàøèíû, â òî âðåìÿ êàê âñå òîðìîçà è ìåõàíè÷åñêèå óñòðîéñòâà îñòàíîâà àêòèâèçèðîâàíû.

(Ñì. 3.56 ÅÍ 60204-1 [6].)

de

ungesteuertes Stillsetzen

en

uncontrolled stop

fr

arrêt non contrôlé

3.66 ïóñê ìàøèíû: Ïåðåõîä ìàøèíû èëè îäíîé èç åå ÷àñòåé èç ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïîêîÿ â ñîñòîÿíèå äâèæåíèÿ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Ýòî îïðåäåëåíèå âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ, ïîìèìî ïîíÿòèÿ ôóíêöèè äâèæåíèÿ, è äðóãèå ôóíêöèè, íàïðèìåð, âêëþ÷åíèå ëàçåðíîãî ëó÷à.

(Ñì. 3.1 ÅÍ 1037 [10].)

de

Maschinen-Anlauf

en

machine start-up

fr

d’une machine

3.67 íåîæèäàííûé ïóñê: Ëþáîé ïóñê, âûçâàííûé:

- êîìàíäîé íà ïóñê, êîòîðàÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåçóëüòàòîì îòêàçà â ñèñòåìå óïðàâëåíèÿ èëè âíåøíåãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà íåå;

- êîìàíäîé íà ïóñê, ÿâëÿþùåéñÿ ðåçóëüòàòîì íåñâîåâðåìåííîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ïóñêîâîå óñòðîéñòâî èëè ÷àñòè ìàøèíû, íàïðèìåð, íà äàò÷èêè èëè íà ýëåìåíò ñèñòåìû ñèëîâîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ;

- âîññòàíîâëåíèåì ýíåðãîñíàáæåíèÿ ïîñëå ðàçðûâà â öåïè;

- âíóòðåííèì/âíåøíèì âîçäåéñòâèåì íà ÷àñòè ìàøèíû (ñèëîé òÿæåñòè, âåòðîì, ñàìîâîñïëàìåíåíèåì â äâèãàòåëÿõ âíóòðåííåãî ñãîðàíèÿ).

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Àâòîìàòè÷åñêèé ïóñê ìàøèíû ïðè íîðìàëüíîé ýêñïëóàòàöèè íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåïðåäíàìåðåííûì, íî, ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ îïåðàòîðà, ìîæåò áûòü ïîíÿò êàê íåîæèäàííûé. Ïðåäîòâðàùåíèå àâàðèé â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïîäðàçóìåâàåò ïðèìåíåíèå òåõíè÷åñêèõ ìåð çàùèòû (ñì. ðàçäåë 4 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-2 [2]).

(Ñì. 3.2 ÅÍ 1037 [10].)

de

unerwarteter Anlauf

en

unexpected start-up

fr

mise en marche intempestive

3.68 îòêëþ÷åíèå è ðàññåÿíèå ýíåðãèè: Ïðîöåäóðà, êîòîðàÿ ñîñòîèò èç ÷åòûðåõ ñëåäóþùèõ äåéñòâèé:

à) îòêëþ÷åíèÿ (îòñîåäèíåíèÿ, îòäåëåíèÿ) ìàøèíû (èëè åå ÷àñòåé) îò âñåõ èñòî÷íèêîâ ýíåðãîñíàáæåíèÿ;

á) â ñëó÷àå íåîáõîäèìîñòè (íàïðèìåð, íà áîëüøèõ ìàøèíàõ èëè óñòàíîâêàõ) - áëîêèðîâàíèÿ (èëè íàäåæíîãî çàêðåïëåíèÿ èíûì ïóòåì) âñåõ óñòðîéñòâ îòêëþ÷åíèÿ â îòêëþ÷åííîì ñîñòîÿíèè;

â) ðàññåÿíèÿ èëè îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ëþáîé íàêîïëåííîé ýíåðãèè, êîòîðàÿ ìîæåò âûçûâàòü îïàñíîñòü.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Ýíåðãèÿ ìîæåò áûòü íàêîïëåííîé:

- ìåõàíè÷åñêèìè ÷àñòÿìè, ïðîäîëæàþùèìè äâèãàòüñÿ ïî èíåðöèè;

- ìåõàíè÷åñêèìè ÷àñòÿìè, ñïîñîáíûìè äâèãàòüñÿ ïîä äåéñòâèåì ñèëû òÿæåñòè;

- êîíäåíñàòîðàìè, àêêóìóëÿòîðàìè;

- æèäêîñòÿìè ïîä äàâëåíèåì;

- ïðóæèíàìè;

ã) ïðîâåðêè äåéñòâåííîñòè ìåð, óïîìÿíóòûõ â ïåðå÷èñëåíèÿõ à), á) è â), ïóòåì ïðèìåíåíèÿ áåçîïàñíûõ ìåòîäîâ ýêñïëóàòàöèè.

(Ñì. 3.3 ÅÍ 1037 [10].)

de

Energietrennung und-ableitung

en

isolation and energy dissipation

fr

consignation

3.69 áëîêèðóþùåå óñòðîéñòâî: Ìåõàíè÷åñêîå, ýëåêòðè÷åñêîå èëè äðóãîå óñòðîéñòâî, êîòîðîå ïðè îïðåäåëåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ ïðåïÿòñòâóåò ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèþ ýëåìåíòîâ ìàøèíû (îáû÷íî äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå íå çàêðûòî).

(Ñì. 3.23.1 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1, 3.1 ÅÍ 1088 [11].)

de

Verriegelungseinrichtung

en

interlocking device

fr

dispositif de verrouillage

3.70 çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå ñ áëîêèðîâêîé: Çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå, ïðèíöèï äåéñòâèÿ êîòîðîãî çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â ñëåäóþùåì:

- îïàñíûå ôóíêöèè ìàøèíû, «áëîêèðóåìûå» ýòèì çàùèòíûì îãðàæäåíèåì, íå ìîãóò áûòü îñóùåñòâëåíû äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà íå áóäåò çàêðûòî çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå;

- åñëè çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå îòêðûòî ïðè îñóùåñòâëåíèè îïàñíûõ ôóíêöèé ìàøèíû, òî ïîäàåòñÿ ñèãíàë íà åå îñòàíîâ;

- åñëè çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå çàêðûòî, òî îïàñíûå ôóíêöèè ìàøèíû, «áëîêèðóåìûå» ýòèì çàùèòíûì îãðàæäåíèåì, ìîãóò áûòü îñóùåñòâëåíû, îäíàêî çàêðûòèå çàùèòíîãî îãðàæäåíèÿ ñàìî ïî ñåáå íå ïðèâîäèëî ê ïðîÿâëåíèþ îïàñíûõ ôóíêöèé ìàøèíû.

(Ñì. 3.2 ÅÍ 1088 [11].)

de

verriegelte trennende Schutzeinrichtung

en

interlocking guard

fr

protecteur avec dispositif de verrouillage

3.71 çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå ñ áëîêèðîâêîé è ôèêñàöèåé: Çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå, ïðèíöèï äåéñòâèÿ êîòîðîãî çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â ñëåäóþùåì:

- îïàñíûå ôóíêöèè ìàøèíû, «áëîêèðóåìûå» ýòèì çàùèòíûì îãðàæäåíèåì, íå ìîãóò áûòü îñóùåñòâëåíû, åñëè óêàçàííîå çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå íå çàêðûòî è íå çàôèêñèðîâàíî;

- óêàçàííîå çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå îñòàåòñÿ çàêðûòûì è çàáëîêèðîâàííûì äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà íå áóäåò èñêëþ÷åíà îïàñíîñòü òðàâìèðîâàíèÿ, èñõîäÿùàÿ îò îïàñíûõ ôóíêöèé ìàøèíû;

- åñëè óêàçàííîå çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå çàêðûòî è çàáëîêèðîâàíî, òî îïàñíûå ôóíêöèè ìàøèíû, «áëîêèðóåìûå» ýòèì çàùèòíûì îãðàæäåíèåì, ìîãóò áûòü îñóùåñòâëåíû, îäíàêî ñàìè ïî ñåáå çàêðûòèå è áëîêèðîâàíèå çàùèòíîãî îãðàæäåíèÿ íå ïðèâîäÿò ê ïðîÿâëåíèþ îïàñíûõ ôóíêöèé ìàøèíû.

(Ñì. 3.3 ÅÍ 1088 [11].)

de

verriegelte trennende Schutzeinrichtung mit Zuhaltung

en

interlocking guard with guard locking

fr

protecteur avec dispositif d’interverrouillage

3.72 çàùèòíîå çàïèðàþùåå óñòðîéñòâî: Óñòðîéñòâî, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííîå óäåðæèâàòü çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå â çàêðûòîì ïîëîæåíèè è ñâÿçàííîå ñ ñèñòåìîé óïðàâëåíèÿ, ïðè ïðèìåíåíèè êîòîðîãî:

- ìàøèíà íå ìîæåò ôóíêöèîíèðîâàòü, åñëè çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå íå çàêðûòî è íå çàôèêñèðîâàíî;

- çàùèòíîå îãðàæäåíèå îñòàåòñÿ â çàôèêñèðîâàííîì ñîñòîÿíèè äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà íå ìèíóåò óãðîçà ðèñêà.

(Ñì. 3.4 ÅÍ 1088 [11].)

de

Zuhaltung

en

guard locking device

fr

dispositif de blocage du protecteur

3.73 ïðèíóäèòåëüíûé ðåæèì ïðèâåäåíèÿ â äåéñòâèå: Ðåæèì ïðèâåäåíèÿ â äåéñòâèå, ïðè êîòîðîì äâèæóùååñÿ ìåõàíè÷åñêîå óñòðîéñòâî âìåñòå ñ ñîáîé ïðèâîäèò â äâèæåíèå äðóãîå óñòðîéñòâî ëèáî ïóòåì íåïîñðåäñòâåííîãî êîíòàêòà ñ íèì, ëèáî ÷åðåç æåñòêî çàêðåïëåííûå ýëåìåíòû. Òàêèì îáðàçîì âòîðîå óñòðîéñòâî áóäåò ïðèâåäåíî â äâèæåíèå â ïðèíóäèòåëüíîì ðåæèìå (èëè ïðèíóäèòåëüíî) ïåðâûì óñòðîéñòâîì.

(Ñì. 3.6 ÅÍ 1088 [11].)

de

zwangläufige Betätigung

en

positive mode actuation

fr

action mécanique positive

3.74 ïðèíóäèòåëüíîå îòêëþ÷åíèå êîíòàêòíîãî ýëåìåíòà: Îïåðàöèÿ ðàçìûêàíèÿ êîíòàêòîâ, ÿâëÿþùàÿñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííûì ðåçóëüòàòîì çàäàííîãî äâèæåíèÿ ïåðåêëþ÷àòåëÿ, âîçäåéñòâóþùåãî íà êîíòàêòû ÷åðåç íåóïðóãèå ýëåìåíòû (íàïðèìåð, áåç ïðóæèí) (ñì. [12]).

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Äëÿ ãèäðàâëè÷åñêîé è ïíåâìàòè÷åñêîé ñèñòåì ýêâèâàëåíòíûì ïîíÿòèåì ìîæåò ñëóæèòü ïîíÿòèå «ïðåðûâàíèå â ïðèíóäèòåëüíîì ðåæèìå».

(Ñì. 3.7 ÅÍ 1088 [11].)

de

Zwangsöffnung eines Kontaktelementes

en

positive opening operation of a contact element

fr

manoeuvre positive d’ouverture d’un élément de contact

3.75 âðåìÿ îñòàíîâà: Èíòåðâàë âðåìåíè ìåæäó ìîìåíòîì, êîãäà áëîêèðóþùåå óñòðîéñòâî ââîäèò êîìàíäó íà îñòàíîâ, è ìîìåíòîì, êîãäà óãðîçà ðèñêà, èñõîäÿùåãî îò îïàñíûõ ôóíêöèé ìàøèíû, ìèíîâàëà.

(Ñì. 3.8 ÅÍ 1088 [11].)

de

Zeit bis zum Aufheben der Gefährdung

en

stopping time

fr

temps de mise à l’arrêt

3.76 âðåìÿ äîñòóïà â îïàñíóþ çîíó: Âðåìÿ, çàòðà÷åííîå äëÿ äîñòóïà ê îïàñíûì ÷àñòÿì ìàøèíû ïîñëå êîìàíäû «îñòàíîâ», ïîäàííîé áëîêèðóþùèì óñòðîéñòâîì, è ðàññ÷èòûâàåìîå íà îñíîâå ñêîðîñòè ïðèáëèæåíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà, çíà÷åíèå êîòîðîé ìîæåò áûòü âûáðàíî äëÿ êàæäîãî êîíêðåòíîãî ñëó÷àÿ ñ ó÷åòîì ïàðàìåòðîâ, ïðèâåäåííûõ â ÅÍ 999 [13].

(Ñì. 3.9 ÅÍ 1088 [11].)

de

Zeit für den Zugang bzw. Zugriff zum Gefahrbereich

en

time for access to a danger zone

fr

temps d’accès à la zone dangereuse

3.77 çîíà ðàçäàâëèâàíèÿ: Çîíà, â êîòîðîé òåëî ÷åëîâåêà èëè åãî ÷àñòè ïîäâåðãàþòñÿ îïàñíîñòè ðàçäàâëèâàíèÿ. Òàêàÿ îïàñíîñòü ìîæåò âîçíèêíóòü, åñëè:

- äâå ïîäâèæíûå ÷àñòè ìàøèíû äâèãàþòñÿ íàâñòðå÷ó äðóã äðóãó;

- îäíà ïîäâèæíàÿ ÷àñòü äâèãàåòñÿ ïî íàïðàâëåíèþ ê íåïîäâèæíîé ÷àñòè.

(Ñì. 3.1 ÅÍ 349 [14].)

de

Quetschstelle

en

crushing zone

fr

zone d’écrasement

3.78 îïàñíîå âåùåñòâî: Ëþáîé õèìè÷åñêèé èëè áèîëîãè÷åñêèé àãåíò, êîòîðûé ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé îïàñíîñòü äëÿ çäîðîâüÿ ÷åëîâåêà, íàïðèìåð, âåùåñòâà èëè ñîñòàâû, êëàññèôèöèðîâàííûå êàê:

- î÷åíü òîêñè÷íûå;

- òîêñè÷íûå;

- âðåäíûå;

- êîððîçèéíûå;

- ðàçäðàæàþùèå;

- ñåíñèáèëèçèðóþùèå;

- êàíöåðîãåííûå;

- ìóòàãåííûå;

- òåðàòîãåííûå;

- ïàòîãåííûå;

- óäóøàþùèå.

(Ñì. ðàçäåë 3 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ 14123-1 [15].)

de

Gefahrstoff

en

hazardous substance

fr

substance dangereuse

3.79 îñíîâíîé ñòàíäàðò ïî óðîâíþ øóìà: Ñòàíäàðò, êîòîðûé óñòàíàâëèâàåò ìåòîä èçìåðåíèÿ óðîâíÿ øóìà, èñõîäÿùåãî îò ìàøèí è îáîðóäîâàíèÿ, òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû ïîëó÷èòü íàäåæíûå, âîñïðîèçâîäèìûå ðåçóëüòàòû ñ çàäàííîé ñòåïåíüþ òî÷íîñòè (ñòàíäàðò òèïà Â).

(Ñì. 3.1 ÅÍ ÈÑÎ 12001 [16].)

de

Geräuschemissions-Grundnorm

en

basic noise emission standard

fr

norme de base sur l’emission sonore

3.80 íîðìû (è ìåòîäû) èçìåðåíèÿ øóìà: Ñòàíäàðò, êîòîðûé ïðèìåíÿþò ê êîíêðåòíîìó êëàññó, ñåìåéñòâó èëè òèïó ìàøèí èëè îáîðóäîâàíèÿ è êîòîðûé óñòàíàâëèâàåò âñå çíà÷èìûå äàííûå, íåîáõîäèìûå äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ýôôåêòèâíî îñóùåñòâëÿòü îïðåäåëåíèå, äåêëàðèðîâàíèå è ïðîâåðêó øóìîâûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê â òðåáóåìûõ (ýòèì ñòàíäàðòîì) óñëîâèÿõ (ñòàíäàðò òèïà Ñ).

(Ñì. 3.2 ÅÍ ÈÑÎ 12001 [16].)

de

Geräuschmeßnorm

en

noise test code

fr

code d’essal acoustique

3.81 çâóêîâîå äàâëåíèå (ð): Çâóêîâîå äàâëåíèå â çàäàííîé òî÷êå ðÿäîì ñ èñòî÷íèêîì øóìà, êîãäà èñòî÷íèê ðàáîòàåò â òèïîâûõ óñëîâèÿõ ýêñïëóàòàöèè è ìîíòàæà íà ïîâåðõíîñòè çâóêîîòðàæàþùåé ïëîñêîñòè, èñêëþ÷àÿ âîçäåéñòâèå ôîíîâîãî øóìà è çâóêîâûõ îòðàæåíèé, êðîìå òåõ âîçäåéñòâèé è çâóêîâûõ îòðàæåíèé, êîòîðûå èñõîäÿò îò èçìåðèòåëüíîé ïëîñêîñòè èëè ïëîñêîñòåé, äîïóùåííûõ äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ èñïûòàíèé. Çâóêîâîå äàâëåíèå âûðàæàþò â ïàñêàëÿõ.

(Ñì. 3.4 ÅÍ ÈÑÎ 12001 [16].)

de

Emissions-Schalldruck (p)

en

emission sound pressure (p)

fr

pression acoustique d’émission (p)

3.82 çâóêîâàÿ ìîùíîñòü (W): Çâóêîâàÿ ýíåðãèÿ, èçëó÷àåìàÿ èñòî÷íèêîì çâóêà â âîçäóøíîé ñðåäå â åäèíèöó âðåìåíè. Çâóêîâóþ ìîùíîñòü âûðàæàþò â âàòòàõ.

(Ñì. 3.7 ÅÍ ÈÑÎ 12001 [16].)

de

Schalleistung (W)

en

sound power (W)

fr

puissance acoustique (W)

3.83 äåêëàðàöèÿ îá óðîâíå øóìà: Èíôîðìàöèÿ î øóìå, èçäàâàåìîì ìàøèíîé, ïðåäñòàâëåííàÿ â íîðìàòèâíûõ äîêóìåíòàõ èçãîòîâèòåëÿ èëè ïîñòàâùèêà, ñîäåðæàùàÿ ñâåäåíèÿ îá óðîâíå øóìà. Äåêëàðàöèÿ îá óðîâíå øóìà ìîæåò áûòü ïðåäñòàâëåíà ëèáî â âèäå çàÿâëåííîãî ñóììàðíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ øóìà, ëèáî â âèäå çàÿâëåííîãî ñïåêòðàëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ øóìà.

(Ñì. 3.11 ÅÍ ÈÑÎ 12001 [16].)

de

Geräuschemissionsangabe

en

noise emission declaration

fr

déclaration de l’émission sonore

3.84 îòêàç ïî îáùåé ïðè÷èíå: Îòêàç îáîðóäîâàíèÿ, âûòåêàþùèé èç åäèíè÷íîãî ñîáûòèÿ, â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà ýòîò îòêàç íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñëåäñòâèåì äðóãîãî îòêàçà.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Îòêàç ïî îáùåé ïðè÷èíå íå ñëåäóåò ñìåøèâàòü ñ âçàèìîñâÿçàííûì îòêàçîì.

(Ñì. ÌÝÊ 60050-191 [9].)

de

Ausfälle infolge gemeinsamer Ursachc

en

common cause failure

fr

défaillances de cause commune

3.85 âçàèìîñâÿçàííûé îòêàç: Îòêàç îáîðóäîâàíèÿ, õàðàêòåðèçóåìûé îäèíàêîâûì âèäîì íåèñïðàâíîñòè.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Âçàèìîñâÿçàííûé îòêàç íå ñëåäóåò ïóòàòü ñ îòêàçîì ïî îáùåé ïðè÷èíå, ïîñêîëüêó âçàèìîñâÿçàííûå îòêàçû ìîãóò âûòåêàòü èç ðàçëè÷íûõ ïðè÷èí.

(Ñì. ÌÝÊ 60050-191 [9].)

de

gleichartige Ausfälle

en

common mode failure

fr

défaillances de mode commun

3.86 äåãðàäèðóþùåå ñîñòîÿíèå: Ñîñòîÿíèå îáîðóäîâàíèÿ, ïðè êîòîðîì îíî ïðîäîëæàåò âûïîëíÿòü ñâîè ôóíêöèè â ïðåäåëàõ íèæå íîìèíàëüíûõ çíà÷åíèé èëè ïðîäîëæàåò âûïîëíÿòü òîëüêî ÷àñòü ñâîèõ ôóíêöèé.

(Ñì. ÌÝÊ 60050-191 [9].)

de

Zustand eingeschränkter Brauchbarkeit

en

degraded state

fr

fonctionnement en mode dégradé

3.87 âðåä: Ôèçè÷åñêèå òðàâìû è (èëè) íàíåñåíèå äðóãîãî âðåäà çäîðîâüþ èëè èìóùåñòâó (ñì. 3.4 [17]).

(Ñì. 3.1 ÅÍ 1050 [18].)

de

Schaden

en

harm

fr

dommage

3.88 îïàñíîå ñîáûòèå: Ñîáûòèå, êîòîðîå ìîæåò ïðè÷èíèòü âðåä.

(Ñì. 3.2 ÅÍ 1050 [18].)

de

Gefährdungsereignis

en

hazardous event

fr

événement dangereux

3.89 ìåðû ïî îáåñïå÷åíèþ áåçîïàñíîñòè: Äåéñòâèÿ ïî óñòðàíåíèþ îïàñíîñòè èëè ñíèæåíèþ ðèñêà (ñì. ðàçäåë 5 ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-1).

(Ñì. 3.3 ÅÍ 1050 [18].)

de

Schutzmaßnahme

en

safety measure

fr

mesure de sécurité

3.90 îñòàòî÷íûé ðèñê: Ðèñê, îñòàþùèéñÿ ïîñëå ïðèíÿòèÿ ìåð, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà îáåñïå÷åíèå áåçîïàñíîñòè.

(Ñì. 3.3 ÅÍ 1050 [18].)

de

Restrisiko

en

residual risk

fr

risque résiduel

3.91 êàòåãîðèÿ: Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ ñèñòåìû óïðàâëåíèÿ, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ îáåñïå÷åíèåì áåçîïàñíîñòè, ïî èõ óñòîé÷èâîñòè ê íåèñïðàâíîñòÿì è ïîñëåäóþùåìó ïîâåäåíèþ ïðè íåèñïðàâíîì ñîñòîÿíèè, äîñòèãàåìàÿ ñòðóêòóðíûì ïîñòðîåíèåì óêàçàííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ è (èëè) îïðåäåëÿåìàÿ èõ íàäåæíîñòüþ.

(Ñì. 3.2 ÅÍ 954-1 [19].)

de

Kategorie

en

category

fr

catégorié

3.92 áåçîïàñíîñòü ñèñòåì óïðàâëåíèÿ: Ñïîñîáíîñòü ýëåìåíòîâ ñèñòåìû óïðàâëåíèÿ, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ îáåñïå÷åíèåì áåçîïàñíîñòè, âûïîëíÿòü ôóíêöèè áåçîïàñíîñòè ñèñòåì óïðàâëåíèÿ â òå÷åíèå óñòàíîâëåííîãî ñðîêà â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ èõ çàäàííîé êàòåãîðèåé.

(Ñì. 3.3 ÅÍ 954-1 [19].)

de

Sicherheit von Steuerungen

en

safety of control systems

fr

sécurité des systèmes de commando

3.93 ôóíêöèÿ áåçîïàñíîñòè ñèñòåì óïðàâëåíèÿ: Ôóíêöèÿ, âêëþ÷àåìàÿ âõîäíûì ñèãíàëîì è îáðàáàòûâàåìàÿ ýëåìåíòàìè ñèñòåìû óïðàâëåíèÿ, ñâÿçàííûìè ñ îáåñïå÷åíèåì áåçîïàñíîñòè, è íåîáõîäèìàÿ äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ áåçîïàñíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ìàøèíû (êàê ñèñòåìû).

(Ñì. 3.6 ÅÍ 954-1 [19].)

de

Sicherheitsfunklion von Steuerungen

en

safety function of control systems

fr

fonction de sécurité des systèmes de commande

3.94 ïðèîñòàíîâêà: Âðåìåííîå àâòîìàòè÷åñêîå ïðåêðàùåíèå âûïîëíåíèÿ ôóíêöèè áåçîïàñíîñòè ýëåìåíòàìè ñèñòåìû óïðàâëåíèÿ, ñâÿçàííûìè ñ îáåñïå÷åíèåì áåçîïàñíîñòè. (Ñì. 3.7 ÅÍ 954-1 [19].)

de

Muting

en

muting

fr

inhibition

3.95 âîçâðàò â èñõîäíîå ïîëîæåíèå âðó÷íóþ: Ôóíêöèÿ, ñâîéñòâåííàÿ ýëåìåíòàì ñèñòåìû óïðàâëåíèÿ, ñâÿçàííûì ñ îáåñïå÷åíèåì áåçîïàñíîñòè, è íåîáõîäèìàÿ äëÿ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ âðó÷íóþ çàäàííûõ ôóíêöèé áåçîïàñíîñòè äî ïîâòîðíîãî ïóñêà ìàøèíû.

(Ñì. 3.8 ÅÍ 954-1 [19].)

de

manuelle Rückstellung

en

manual reset

fr

réarmament manuel

Àëôàâèòíûé óêàçàòåëü òåðìèíîâ íà ðóññêîì ÿçûêå

áåçîïàñíîñòü ìàøèíû                                                                                                 3.7

áåçîïàñíîñòü ñèñòåì óïðàâëåíèÿ                                                                              3.92

âåùåñòâî îïàñíîå                                                                                                         3.78

âîçâðàò â èñõîäíîå ïîëîæåíèå âðó÷íóþ                                                                 3.95

âðåä                                                                                                                                 3.87

âðåìÿ äîñòóïà â îïàñíóþ çîíó                                                                                   3.76

âðåìÿ îñòàíîâà                                                                                                             3.75

äàâëåíèå çâóêîâîå (ð)                                                                                                 3.81

äåêëàðàöèÿ îá óðîâíå øóìà                                                                                       3.83

çîíà îïàñíàÿ                                                                                                                  3.13

çîíà ðàçäàâëèâàíèÿ                                                                                                     3.77

èíôîðìàöèÿ äëÿ ïîòðåáèòåëÿ                                                                                   3.22

èñïîëüçîâàíèå ìàøèíû ïðåäíàçíà÷åííîå                                                              3.15

êàòåãîðèÿ                                                                                                                       3.91

êîíñòðóêöèÿ çàùèòíàÿ                                                                                                3.38

êîíñòðóêöèÿ ìàøèíû                                                                                                 3.14

êîíòàêò êîñâåííûé                                                                                                     3.54

êîíòàêò ïðÿìîé                                                                                                            3.47

êîíòðîëü àâòîìàòè÷åñêèé                                                                                         3.18

ìåðû çàùèòû òåõíè÷åñêèå                                                                                        3.21

ìåðû ïî îáåñïå÷åíèþ áåçîïàñíîñòè                                                                        3.89

ìåõàíèçì ìàøèíû èñïîëíèòåëüíûé                                                                       3.56

ìîùíîñòü çâóêîâàÿ (W)                                                                                               3.82

íàäåæíîñòü                                                                                                                    3.5

íåèñïðàâíîñòü                                                                                                              3.53

íîðìû (è ìåòîäû) èçìåðåíèÿ øóìà                                                                         3.80

îáîëî÷êà                                                                                                                        3.48

îáîðóäîâàíèå                                                                                                                3.4

îãðàæäåíèå çàùèòíîå                                                                                                  3.24

îãðàæäåíèå çàùèòíîå äëÿ îãðàíè÷åíèÿ äîñòóïà                                                   3.37

îãðàæäåíèå çàùèòíîå íåïîäâèæíîå                                                                         3.25

îãðàæäåíèå çàùèòíîå ïîäâèæíîå                                                                             3.26

îãðàæäåíèå çàùèòíîå ðåãóëèðóåìîå                                                                        3.27

îãðàæäåíèå çàùèòíîå ñ áëîêèðîâêîé                                                                       3.70

îãðàæäåíèå çàùèòíîå ñ áëîêèðîâêîé è ôèêñàöèåé                                              3.71

îãðàæäåíèå çàùèòíîå óïðàâëÿåìîå                                                                         3.28

îïàñíîñòü                                                                                                                       3.8

îïåðàòîð                                                                                                                         3.23

îðãàí ðó÷íîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ                                                                                         3.42

îðãàí óïðàâëåíèÿ                                                                                                         3.43

îñòàíîâ àâàðèéíûé                                                                                                     3.40

îñòàíîâ êîíòðîëèðóåìûé                                                                                           3.46

îñòàíîâ íåêîíòðîëèðóåìûé                                                                                      3.65

îòêàç                                                                                                                               3.52

îòêàç, âåäóùèé ê îïàñíîìó ñîñòîÿíèþ                                                                    3.19

îòêàç âçàèìîñâÿçàííûé                                                                                              3.85

îòêàç ïî îáùåé ïðè÷èíå                                                                                              3.84

îòêëþ÷åíèå è ðàññåÿíèå ýíåðãèè                                                                             3.68

îòêëþ÷åíèå êîíòàêòíîãî ýëåìåíòà ïðèíóäèòåëüíîå                                           3.74

îöåíêà ðèñêà                                                                                                                 3.11

ïåðåãðóçêà öåïè                                                                                                            3.59

ïðèîñòàíîâêà                                                                                                                3.94

ïðîâîä çàùèòíûé                                                                                                         3.62

ïðîâîä íóëåâîé (N)                                                                                                      3.57

ïóñê ìàøèíû                                                                                                                3.66

ïóñê íåîæèäàííûé                                                                                                      3.67

ðàññòîÿíèå áåçîïàñíîå                                                                                                3.39

ðåæèì ïðèâåäåíèÿ â äåéñòâèå ïðèíóäèòåëüíûé                                                  3.73

ðåçåðâèðîâàíèå                                                                                                            3.63

ðåìîíòîïðèãîäíîñòü ìàøèíû                                                                                   3.6

ðèñê                                                                                                                                 3.10

ðèñê îñòàòî÷íûé                                                                                                          3.90

ñâåðõòîê                                                                                                                         3.58

ñèòóàöèÿ îïàñíàÿ                                                                                                         3.9

ñíèæåíèå ðèñêà ïóòåì êîíñòðóèðîâàíèÿ                                                                3.20

ñîáûòèå îïàñíîå                                                                                                           3.88

ñîåäèíåíèå ýêâèïîòåíöèàëüíîå                                                                               3.49

ñîñòîÿíèå äåãðàäèðóþùåå                                                                                          3.86

ñòàíäàðò ïî óðîâíþ øóìà îñíîâíîé                                                                         3.79

ñòàíäàðòû òèïà À                                                                                                         3.1

ñòàíäàðòû òèïà                                                                                                          3.2

ñòàíäàðòû òèïà Ñ                                                                                                         3.3

óñòðîéñòâà àâàðèéíîãî îñòàíîâà                                                                              3.41

óñòðîéñòâî áëîêèðóþùåå                                                                                           3.69

óñòðîéñòâî âûêëþ÷àþùåå                                                                                         3.33

óñòðîéñòâî çàùèòíîå çàïèðàþùåå                                                                            3.72

óñòðîéñòâî êîììóòàöèîííîå                                                                                     3.64

óñòðîéñòâî îãðàíè÷èâàþùåå                                                                                     3.35

óñòðîéñòâî îãðàíè÷èâàþùåå ìåõàíè÷åñêîå                                                           3.34

óñòðîéñòâî ïðåäîõðàíèòåëüíîå                                                                                 3.29

óñòðîéñòâî óïðàâëåíèÿ äâóðó÷íîå                                                                           3.32

óñòðîéñòâî óïðàâëåíèÿ îãðàíè÷åííûì äâèæåíèåì                                             3.36

óñòðîéñòâî óïðàâëåíèÿ ñ àâòîìàòè÷åñêèì âîçâðàòîì â èñõîäíîå

ïîëîæåíèå                                                                                                                     3.31

óñòðîéñòâî óïðàâëåíèÿ ñîïóòñòâóþùåå                                                                  3.30

óñòðîéñòâî óïðàâëÿþùåå                                                                                           3.45

ôóíêöèè áåçîïàñíîñòè äóáëèðóþùèå                                                                      3.17

ôóíêöèè áåçîïàñíîñòè êðèòè÷åñêèå                                                                        3.16

ôóíêöèÿ áåçîïàñíîñòè ñèñòåì óïðàâëåíèÿ                                                            3.93

ôóíêöèÿ ìàøèíû îïàñíàÿ                                                                                         3.12

öåïü çàùèòû                                                                                                                  3.61

öåïü ñèëîâàÿ                                                                                                                 3.60

öåïü óïðàâëåíèÿ                                                                                                          3.44

÷àñòü âíåøíÿÿ òîêîïðîâîäÿùàÿ                                                                               3.51

÷àñòü, íàõîäÿùàÿñÿ ïîä íàïðÿæåíèåì                                                                    3.55

÷àñòü îòêðûòàÿ òîêîïðîâîäÿùàÿ                                                                             3.50

Àëôàâèòíûé óêàçàòåëü òåðìèíîâ íà íåìåöêîì ÿçûêå

abweisende Schutzeinrichtung                                                                                            3.37

aktives Teil                                                                                                                        3.55

Anhaltezeit                                                                                                                         3.75

Ausfall                                                                                                                               3.52

Ausfall, der zum gefährlichen Zustand führt                                                                         3.19

Ausfälle infolge gemeinsamer Ursache                                                                                3.84

automatische Überwachung                                                                                                3.18

Bedienteil                                                                                                                          3.43

Begrenzungseinrichtung                                                                                                      3.35

Benutzerinformation                                                                                                           3.22

Bestimmungsgemäße Verwendung einer Maschine                                                              3.15

bewegliche trennende Schutzeinrichtung                                                                              3.26

direkt wirkende Sicherheitsfunktionen                                                                                 3.16

direktes Berühren                                                                                                              3.47

durch Formschluß wirkende Schutzeinrichtung                                                                    3.34

einstellbare trennende Schutzeinrichtung                                                                              3.27

Emissions-Schalldruck (p)                                                                                                  3.81

Energietrennung und-ableitung                                                                                            3.68

Fehler                                                                                                                                3.53

feststehende trennende Schutzeinrichtung                                                                            3.25

fremdes leitfähiges Teil                                                                                                       3.51

Gefährbereich                                                                                                                    3.13

gefährdende Maschinenfunktion                                                                                         3.12

Gefährdung                                                                                                                        3.8

Gefährdungsereignis                                                                                                           3.88

Gefährdungssituation                                                                                                          3.9

Gefahrstoff                                                                                                                        3.78

Gehäuse                                                                                                                            3.48

Geräuschemissionsangabe                                                                                                  3.83

Geräuschemissions-Grundnorm                                                                                          3.79

Geräuschmeßnorm                                                                                                             3.80

gesteuertes Stillsetzen                                                                                                         3.46

gleichartige Ausfälle                                                                                                           3.85

Hauptstromkreis                                                                                                                3.60

indirekt wirkende Sicherheitsfunktionen                                                                              3.17

indirektes Berühren                                                                                                            3.54

Instandhaltbarkeit einer Maschine                                                                                       3.6

Kategorie                                                                                                                          3.91

Konstruklion einer Maschine                                                                                              3.14

Körper (eines elektrischen Betriebsmittels)                                                                         3.50

manuelle Rückstellung                                                                                                        3.95

Maschine                                                                                                                           3.4

Maschinen-Anlauf                                                                                                              3.66

Maschinen-Antriebselement                                                                                               3.56

Muting                                                                                                                               3.94

Neutralleiter (N)                                                                                                                3.57

nicht trennende Schutzeinrichtung                                                                                       3.29

NOT-AUS                                                                                                                        3.40

NOT-AUS-Einrichtung                                                                                                      3.41

Operator                                                                                                                           3.23

Potentialausgleich                                                                                                               3.49

Quetschstelle                                                                                                                     3.77

Redundanz                                                                                                                        3.63

Restrisiko                                                                                                                          3.90

Risiko                                                                                                                                3.10

Risikobewertung                                                                                                                3.11

Risikominderung durch Konstruktion                                                                                  3.20

Schaden                                                                                                                            3.87

Schalleistung (W)                                                                                                               3.82

Schaltgerät                                                                                                                        3.64

Schrittschaltung                                                                                                                  3.36

Schutzeinrichtung mit Annäherungsreaktion                                                                         3.32

schützende Konstruktion                                                                                                    3.38

Schutzleiter                                                                                                                        3.62

Schutzleitersystem                                                                                                              3.61

Schutzmaßnahme                                                                                                               3.89

Sicherheit einer Maschine                                                                                                   3.7

Sicherheit von Steuerungen                                                                                                3.92

Sicherheitsabstand                                                                                                             3.39

Sicherheitsfunklion von Steuerungen                                                                                   3.93

Stellteil                                                                                                                              3.42

Steuereinrichtung mit selbsttätiger Rückstellung                                                                   3.31

Steuergerät                                                                                                                        3.45

steuernde trennende Schutzeinrichtung                                                                                3.28

Steuerstromkreis                                                                                                                3.44

technische Schutzmaßnahmen                                                                                             3.21

trennende Schutzeinrichtung                                                                                               3.24

Typ A-Normen                                                                                                                 3.1

Òóð B-Normen                                                                                                                  3.2

Typ C-Normen                                                                                                                 3.3

Überlast eines Stromkreises                                                                                               3.59

Überstrom                                                                                                                         3.58

unerwarteter Anlauf                                                                                                           3.67

ungesteuertes Stillsetzen                                                                                                     3.65

verriegelte trennende Schutzeinrichtung                                                                               3.70

verriegelte trennende Schutzeinrichtung mit Zuhaltung                                                          3.71

Verriegelungseinrichtung                                                                                                     3.69

Zeit bis zum Aufheben der Gefährdung                                                                               3.75

Zeit für den Zugang bzw. Zugriff zum Gefahrbereich                                                            3.76

Zuhaltung                                                                                                                           3.72

Zustand eingeschränkter Brauchbarkeit                                                                              3.86

Zustimmungseinrichtung                                                                                                      3.30

Zuverlässigkeit                                                                                                                   3.5

zwangläufige Betätigung                                                                                                     3.73

Zwangsöffnung eines Kontaktelementes                                                                              3.74

Zweihandschaltung                                                                                                             3.33

Àëôàâèòíûé óêàçàòåëü òåðìèíîâ íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå

actuator                                                                                                                             3.43

adjustable guard                                                                                                                3.27

automatic monitoring                                                                                                          3.18

back-up functions                                                                                                              3.17

basic noise emission standard                                                                                             3.79

category                                                                                                                            3.91

common cause failure                                                                                                         3.84

common mode failure                                                                                                         3.85

control circuit                                                                                                                     3.44

control device                                                                                                                    3.45

control guard                                                                                                                     3.28

controlled stop                                                                                                                   3.46

crushing zone                                                                                                                     3.77

danger zone                                                                                                                       3.13

degraded state                                                                                                                   3.86

design of a machine                                                                                                            3.14

deterring device                                                                                                                 3.37

direct contact                                                                                                                     3.47

emergency stop                                                                                                                 3.40

emergency stop equipment                                                                                                 3.41

emission sound pressure (p)                                                                                               3.81

enabling control device                                                                                                       3.30

enclosure                                                                                                                           3.48

equipotential bonding                                                                                                         3.49

exposed conductive part                                                                                                    3.50

extraneous conductive part                                                                                                 3.51

failure                                                                                                                                3.52

failure to danger                                                                                                                 3.19

fault                                                                                                                                   3.53

fixed guard                                                                                                                        3.25

guard                                                                                                                                 3.24

guard locking device                                                                                                          3.72

harm                                                                                                                                  3.87

hazard                                                                                                                               3.8

hazardous event                                                                                                                 3.88

hazardous machine function                                                                                                3.12

hazardous situation                                                                                                             3.9

hazardous substance                                                                                                          3.78

hold-to-run control device                                                                                                  3.31

indirect contact                                                                                                                  3.54

information for use                                                                                                             3.22

intended use of a machine                                                                                                  3.15

interlocking device                                                                                                             3.69

interlocking guard                                                                                                              3.70

interlocking guard with guard locking                                                                                  3.71

isolation and energy dissipation                                                                                           3.68

limited movement control device                                                                                         3.36

limiting device                                                                                                                    3.35

live part                                                                                                                             3.55

machine actuator                                                                                                                3.56

machine start-up                                                                                                                3.66

machinery                                                                                                                          3.4

maintainability of a machine                                                                                                3.6

manual control                                                                                                                   3.42

manual reset                                                                                                                      3.95

mechanical restraint device                                                                                                 3.34

movable guard                                                                                                                   3.26

muting                                                                                                                               3.94

neutral conductor (N)                                                                                                        3.57

noise emission declaration                                                                                                  3.83

noise test code                                                                                                                   3.80

operator                                                                                                                            3.23

overcurrent                                                                                                                        3.58

overload of a circuit                                                                                                           3.59

positive mode actuation                                                                                                      3.73

positive opening operation of a contact element                                                                  3.74

power circuit                                                                                                                     3.60

protective bonding circuit                                                                                                   3.61

protective conductor                                                                                                          3.62

protective structure                                                                                                            3.38

redundancy                                                                                                                        3.63

reliability                                                                                                                            3.5

residual risk                                                                                                                       3.90

risk                                                                                                                                    3.10

risk assessment                                                                                                                  3.11

risk reduction by design                                                                                                     3.20

safeguarding                                                                                                                      3.21

safety critical functions                                                                                                       3.16

safety device                                                                                                                      3.29

safety distance                                                                                                                   3.39

safety function of control systems                                                                                       3.93

safety measure                                                                                                                   3.89

safety of a machine                                                                                                            3.7

safety of control systems                                                                                                    3.92

sound power (W)                                                                                                               3.82

stopping time                                                                                                                     3.75

switching device                                                                                                                 3.64

time for access to a danger zone                                                                                         3.76

trip device                                                                                                                         3.33

two-hand control device                                                                                                    3.32

type A standards                                                                                                               3.1

type  standards                                                                                                                3.2

type Ñ standards                                                                                                               3.3

uncontrolled stop                                                                                                               3.65

unexpected start-up                                                                                                           3.67

Àëôàâèòíûé óêàçàòåëü òåðìèíîâ íà ôðàíöóçñêîì ÿçûêå

action mécaniquc positive                                                                                                   3.73

actionneur                                                                                                                          3.56

appareil de commande                                                                                                       3.45

appareil dc connexion                                                                                                        3.64

arrêt contrôlé                                                                                                                     3.46

arrêt d’urgencc                                                                                                                  3.40

arrêt non contrôlé                                                                                                              3.65

auto-surveillance                                                                                                                3.18

catégorie                                                                                                                           3.91

circuit de commande                                                                                                          3.44

circuit de protection                                                                                                           3.61

circuit de puissance                                                                                                            3.60

code d’essal acoustique                                                                                                     3.80

commande bimanuelle                                                                                                        3.32

commande nécessitant une action maintenue                                                                       3.31

conception d’une machine                                                                                                  3.14

conducteur de protection                                                                                                   3.62

conducteur neutre (N)                                                                                                        3.57

consignation                                                                                                                       3.68

contact direct                                                                                                                     3.47

contact indirect                                                                                                                  3.54

déclaration de l’emission sonore                                                                                         3.83

défaillance                                                                                                                         3.52

défaillance dangereuse                                                                                                       3.19

défaillances de cause commune                                                                                          3.84

défaillances de mode commun                                                                                            3.85

défaut                                                                                                                                3.53

dispositif de blocage du protecteur                                                                                     3.72

dispositif de commande de marche par à-coups                                                                  3.36

dispositif de protection                                                                                                       3.29

dispositif de retenue mécanique                                                                                          3.34

dispositif de validation                                                                                                        3.30

dispositif de verrouillage                                                                                                     3.69

dispositif déflecteur                                                                                                            3.37

dispositif limiteur                                                                                                                3.35

dispositif sensible                                                                                                               3.33

distance de sécurité                                                                                                            3.39

dommage                                                                                                                          3.87

d’une machine                                                                                                                   3.66

élément conducteur                                                                                                            3.51

enveloppe                                                                                                                          3.48

équipement d’arrêt d’urgence                                                                                             3.41

estimation du risque                                                                                                           3.11

événement dangereux                                                                                                         3.88

fiabilité                                                                                                                               3.5

fonction dangereuse d’une machine                                                                                    3.12

fonction de sécurité des systèmes de commande                                                                 3.93

fonctionnement en mode dégradé                                                                                       3.86

fonctions de sécurité directe                                                                                               3.16

fonctions de sécurite indirecte                                                                                             3.17

informations pour l’utilisation                                                                                              3.22

inhibition                                                                                                                            3.94

liaison équipotentielle                                                                                                         3.49

machine                                                                                                                             3.4

maintenabilité d’une machine                                                                                              3.6

manoeuvre positive d’ouverture d’un élément de contact                                                     3.74

masse (partie conductrice accessible)                                                                                 3.50

mesure de sécurité                                                                                                             3.89

mise en marche intempestive                                                                                              3.67

norme de base sur l’emission sonore                                                                                  3.79

normes de type A                                                                                                              3.1

normes de type                                                                                                               3.2

normes de type Ñ                                                                                                              3.3

opérateur                                                                                                                           3.23

organe de commande                                                                                                         3.43

organe de service                                                                                                               3.42

partie active                                                                                                                       3.55

phénomene dangereux                                                                                                       3.8

pression acoustique d’émission (p)                                                                                     3.81

prévention intrinsèque                                                                                                        3.20

protecteur                                                                                                                          3.24

protecteur avec dispositif de verrouillage                                                                            3.70

protecteur avec dispositif d’interverrouillage                                                                       3.71

protecteur commandant la mise en marche                                                                          3.28

protecteur fixe                                                                                                                   3.25

protecteur mobile                                                                                                               3.26

protecteur réglable                                                                                                             3.27

protection                                                                                                                          3.21

puissance acoustique (W)                                                                                                   3.82

réarmement manuel                                                                                                            3.95

redundance                                                                                                                        3.63

risque                                                                                                                                3.10

risque résiduel                                                                                                                    3.90

sécurité des systèmes de commando                                                                                  3.92

sécurite d’une machine                                                                                                       3.7

situation dangereuse                                                                                                           3.9

structure de protection                                                                                                       3.38

substance dangereuse                                                                                                        3.78

surcharge d’un circuit                                                                                                         3.59

surintensité                                                                                                                         3.58

temps d’accès à la zone dangereuse                                                                                   3.76

temps de mise à l'arrêt                                                                                                       3.75

utilisation normale d’une machine                                                                                        3.15

zone dangereuse                                                                                                                3.13

zone d’écrasement                                                                                                             3.77

ÏÐÈËÎÆÅÍÈÅ À

(ñïðàâî÷íîå)

Áèáëèîãðàôèÿ

[1]     ÅÍ 414-2000 Áåçîïàñíîñòü îáîðóäîâàíèÿ. Ïðàâèëà ðàçðàáîòêè è îôîðìëåíèÿ ñòàíäàðòîâ ïî áåçîïàñíîñòè

[2]     ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ/ÒÎ 12100-2-2002 Áåçîïàñíîñòü îáîðóäîâàíèÿ. Îñíîâíûå ïîíÿòèÿ, îáùèå ïðèíöèïû êîíñòðóèðîâàíèÿ. ×àñòü 2. Òåõíè÷åñêèå ïðàâèëà è òåõíè÷åñêèå òðåáîâàíèÿ

[3]     ÅÍ 294-92 Áåçîïàñíîñòü ìàøèí. Áåçîïàñíûå ðàññòîÿíèÿ äëÿ ïðåäîõðàíåíèÿ âåðõíèõ êîíå÷íîñòåé îò ïîïàäàíèÿ â îïàñíóþ çîíó

[4]     ÅÍ 418-92 Áåçîïàñíîñòü ìàøèí. Óñòàíîâêà àâàðèéíîãî âûêëþ÷åíèÿ. Ôóíêöèè. Ïðèíöèïû ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ

[5]     ÌÝÊ 60050/441-84 Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ýëåêòðîòåõíè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü (ÌÝÑ). Ãëàâà 441. Êîììóòàöèîííàÿ àïïàðàòóðà, àïïàðàòóðà óïðàâëåíèÿ è ïðåäîõðàíèòåëè

[6]     ÅÍ 60204-1-98 Áåçîïàñíîñòü ìàøèí. Ýëåêòðîîáîðóäîâàíèå ìàøèí è ìåõàíèçìîâ. ×àñòü 1. Îáùèå òðåáîâàíèÿ

[7]     ÌÝÊ 60050/826-82 Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ýëåêòðîòåõíè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü (ÌÝÑ). Ãëàâà 826. Ýëåêòðîóñòàíîâêè çäàíèé

[8]     ÃÎÑÒ 14254-96 (ÌÝÊ 529-89) Ñòåïåíè çàùèòû, îáåñïå÷èâàåìûå îáîëî÷êàìè (Êîä IP)

[9]     ÌÝÊ 60050-191-90 Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ýëåêòðîòåõíè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü (ÌÝÑ). Ãëàâà 191. Íàäåæíîñòü è êà÷åñòâî óñëóã. Èçìåíåíèå 1-98

[10]   ÅÍ 1037-95 Áåçîïàñíîñòü ìàøèí. Ïðåäîòâðàùåíèå íåîæèäàííîãî ïóñêà

[11]   ÅÍ 1088-95 Áåçîïàñíîñòü ìàøèí. Áëîêèðîâî÷íûå óñòðîéñòâà, ñâÿçàííûå ñ çàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè. Ïðèíöèïû êîíñòðóèðîâàíèÿ è âûáîðà

[12]   ÌÝÊ 60947-5-1-97 (ÅÍ 60947-5-1-91) Àïïàðàòóðà ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ è óïðàâëåíèÿ íèçêîâîëüòíàÿ. ×àñòü 5.1. Àïïàðàòû è êîììóòàöèîííûå ýëåìåíòû öåïåé óïðàâëåíèÿ. Ýëåêòðîìåõàíè÷åñêèå àïïàðàòû äëÿ öåïåé óïðàâëåíèÿ

[13]   ÅÍ 999-98 Áåçîïàñíîñòü ìàøèí. Ñêîðîñòü ïåðåìåùåíèÿ êèñòè ðóêè è ðóêè îò êèñòè äî ïëå÷à. Ñêîðîñòü ïîäâîäà ÷àñòåé òåëà ÷åëîâåêà äëÿ ïîçèöèîíèðîâàíèÿ ïðåäîõðàíèòåëüíûõ óñòðîéñòâ

[14]   ÅÍ 349-93 Áåçîïàñíîñòü ìàøèí. Ìèíèìàëüíûå ðàññòîÿíèÿ äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ çàùåìëåíèÿ ÷àñòåé ÷åëîâå÷åñêîãî òåëà

[15]   ÃÎÑÒ ÈÑÎ 14123-1-2000 Áåçîïàñíîñòü îáîðóäîâàíèÿ. Ñíèæåíèå ðèñêà äëÿ çäîðîâüÿ îò îïàñíûõ âåùåñòâ, âûäåëÿåìûõ îáîðóäîâàíèåì. ×àñòü 1. Îñíîâíûå ïîëîæåíèÿ è òåõíè÷åñêèå òðåáîâàíèÿ

[16]   ÅÍ ÈÑÎ 12001-96 Àêóñòèêà. Øóì, èçäàâàåìûé ìàøèíàìè è îáîðóäîâàíèåì. Ïðàâèëà ïî ðàçðàáîòêå è ïðåäñòàâëåíèþ íîðì ïî ïðîâåðêå øóìà

[17]   CEN/CLC Ìåìîðàíäóì ¹ 9, 1994. Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî âêëþ÷åíèþ àñïåêòîâ áåçîïàñíîñòè â ñòàíäàðòû (èäåíòè÷åí ñ ðóêîâîäñòâîì ¹ 51-1990 ISO/IEC)

[18]   ÅÍ 1050-96 Áåçîïàñíîñòü ìàøèí. Ïðèíöèïû îöåíêè è îïðåäåëåíèÿ ðèñêà

[19]   ÅÍ 954-1-96 Áåçîïàñíîñòü îáîðóäîâàíèÿ. Ýëåìåíòû ñèñòåì óïðàâëåíèÿ, ñâÿçàííûå ñ îáåñïå÷åíèåì áåçîïàñíîñòè. ×àñòü 1. Îáùèå ïðèíöèïû êîíñòðóèðîâàíèÿ

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